1. The Industrial Revolution (1750–1914)
Lesson 4 Changing Ways of Life and Thought

2. The Industrial Revolution (1750–1914)
Lesson 4 Changing Ways of Life and Thought
Learning Objectives
Identify what values shaped the new social order.
Describe how the role of women changed in the Industrial Revolution.
Explain the impact of education, new scientific ideas, and religion.
Analyze how romanticism, realism, and impressionism reflected the culture of the Industrial Age.

3. The Industrial Revolution (1750–1914)
Lesson 4 Changing Ways of Life and Thought
cult of domesticity
temperance movement,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
women’s suffrage,
Sojourner Truth,
John Dalton
Charles Darwin.
racism,
social gospel,
Romanticism
William Wordsworth
Lord Byron.
Victor Hugo
Ludwig van Beethoven.
realism,
Charles Dickens
Gustave Courbet
Louis Daguerre
impressionism,
Claude Monet
Vincent van Gogh

4. The New Social Order
The Industrial Revolution slowly changed the old social order in the Western world. For centuries, the two main classes were nobles and peasants. While middle-class merchants, artisans, and lawyers played important roles, they still had a secondary position in society. With the spread of industry, a more complex social structure emerged.

5. The New Social Order
The New Class Structure
Nobility joined by wealthy at top
Thriving middle class
Industrial workers at the bottom
Middle Class Values
The Ideal Home and Family
Stressed nuclear family
Success meant wife could stay at home
Cult of domesticity-

6. The New Social Order
Middle-class families lived in comfortable houses. Parlors like this one were filled with fine furniture, books, photographs, and decorative items to reflect luxury and respectability.

7. The Struggle for Women's Rights
Some individual women and women’s groups protested restrictions on women's lives. They sought a broad range of rights. Across Europe and the United States, politically active women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws. Women’s groups also supported the temperance movement, a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. Temperance leaders pointed out that drinking threatened family life. They also argued that banning alcohol would create a more productive and efficient workforce.

8. The Struggle for Women's Rights
The Campaign Begins
Temperance Movement-
Women’s rights leaders
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Olympe de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft, Sojourner Truth
The Suffrage Movement
Women’s suffrage movement- gained momentum in 1900’s
By 1920’s Britain and US could vote

9. The Struggle for Women's Rights
Some people called the temperance movement the Woman's Holy War. Analyze Images How does this image reflect that nickname?

10. The Rise of Public Education
By the late 1800s, reformers persuaded many governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children. Teaching “the three Rs”—reading, writing, and ’rithmetic—was thought to produce better citizens. In addition, industrialized societies recognized the need for a literate workforce. Schools taught punctuality, obedience to authority, disciplined work habits, and patriotism. In European schools, children also received basic religious education.

11. The Rise of Public Education
Improving Public Schools
Governments set up public schools
3 R’s-
Set up norms and standards
Industrialize education
Higher Education Grows
More colleges opening up
Still limited access for women

12. The Rise of Public Education
In Great Britain students attended primary school—called elementary school in the United States—until the age of 11. This page is from a schoolbook published in the 1870s.

13. New Directions in Science
Science in the service of industry brought great changes in the later 1800s. At the same time, researchers advanced startling theories about the natural world. Their new ideas challenged long-held beliefs.

14. New Directions in Science
Modern Atomic Theory
John Dalton
The Question of Earth's Age
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin- On the Origin of Species
Survival of the fittest
Natural selection
Evolution
The Uproar Over Darwin
Challenged religion
Also people applied to humans
Social Darwinism
Idea that best people prospered
Promoted racism

15. Ludwig van Beethoven
Charles Dickens
Claude Monet
Vicent van Gogh
William Wordsworth
Victor Hugo

16. New Directions in Science
This image shows Dmitri Mendeleyev's 1869 manuscript of the periodic table. In 1871, he created a version with gaps where he believed elements that had not yet been discovered would fit.

17. The Role of Religion
Despite the challenge of new scientific ideas, religion continued to be a major force in Western society. Christian churches and Jewish synagogues remained at the center of communities. Religious leaders influenced political, social, and educational developments.

18. The Role of Religion
The hardships of industrial life led to the creation of numerous charitable organizations, including the Salvation Army, which provided many services to the needy.

19. The Romantics Turn from Reason
The Industrial Age shaped the arts as well as society and science. Many writers turned away from the harsh realities of industrial life to celebrate the peace and beauty of nature. These writers were part of a cultural movement called romanticism. Romanticism emphasized imagination, freedom, and emotion. (Romance, in the sense of romantic love, was not the focus of the movement.) From the late 1700s to 1850, romanticism shaped much of Western literature and arts.

20. The Romantics Turn from Reason
Romantic Poetry
Mysterious Heroes
Glorifying the Past
Romanticism in Music
Romanticism in Art

21. The Romantics Turn from Reason
Romantic paintings often focused on nature and emotion. Note the romantic features of this portrait of William Wordsworth. His arms are crossed, and his head is down as though he is brooding about something. A dramatic landscape looms behind him.

22. Artists Represent Real Life
By the mid-1800s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the West. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the heightened sentiment and idealized emotions of the romantics. Realists often stressed the harsh side of life in urban slums or peasant villages. Many writers and artists were committed to improving the lot of the unfortunates whose lives they depicted.

23. Artists Represent Real Life
Novelists Expose Social Wrongs
Realism on Stage
Realism in Art

24. Artists Represent Real Life
Social injustice was a focus of realism. In this illsutration from Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist, orphan Oliver asks for more porridge. Analyze Images How does the illustration help you understand the goals of the realist movement?

25. New Directions in the Visual Arts
By the 1840s, a new art form, photography, was emerging. Louis Daguerre (dah GEHR) in France and William Fox Talbot in England had improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs. At first, many photos were stiff, posed portraits of middle-class families or prominent people. Other photographs reflected the romantics’ fascination with faraway places.

26. New Directions in the Visual Arts
The Impressionists
The Postimpressionists

27. New Directions in the Visual Arts
In 1839, Louis Daguerre perfected an effective method of photography. His camera changed both art and society.

28. Quiz: The New Social Order
How did the lives of middle-class women change during the Industrial Revolution?
A. They spent more time buying items than producing them.
B. They worked in professions such as medicine and law.
C. They had more children and stayed at home.
D. They worked longer hours than men.

29. Quiz: The Struggle for Women's Rights
By 1900, women in Britain and the United States had not yet won the right to
A. work outside the home.
B. get an education.
C. own property.
D. vote.

30. Quiz: The Rise of Public Education
Why had colleges and universities changed their curriculum by the late 1800s?
A. Companies and factories were demanding people who could read Latin.
B. All jobs required people to read and write.
C. More people were working in industries that required science and engineering skills.
D. Women were now attending colleges.

31. Quiz: New Directions in Science
Why was Darwin's theory controversial in the 1800s?
A. It challenged older views of the age of the Earth.
B. It contradicted the biblical view of creation.
C. It was used to condemn the actions of big business.
D. It was considered unsound by most scientists.

32. Quiz: The Role of Religion
How did religious groups respond to the challenges of industrialization?
A. They taught women new skills.
B. They found women and children jobs.
C. They built new churches.
D. They worked for reform and social services.

33. Quiz: The Romantics Turn from Reason
What did romantic poetry, music, and art have in common?
A. They stressed the importance and power of love.
B. They stirred strong emotion and intense feelings in their audience.
C. They sought to express social ills and offer ideas for reform.
D. They appealed to their audience through logic and reason.

34. Quiz: Artists Represent Real Life
What was the goal of realist writers and artists?
A. to give the lower class hope and strength
B. to provide suggestions for political reform
C. to denounce all doctors and scientists
D. to present reality and comment on social wrongs

35. Quiz: New Directions in the Visual Arts
What was the goal of impressionist painters?
A. to capture the eye's first impression of a scene
B. to give readers a sense of unchanging reality
C. to portray the harsh realities of life in cities
D. to inspire people to celebrate beauty