1. Chapter 15: Foreign Policy

2. Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy
Foreign policy includes the techniques and strategies used to achieve external goals, as well as the goals themselves.
Diplomacy
Economic Aid
Technical Assistance
Some of the techniques used in carrying out foreign policy include: diplomacy—the total process by which states carry on political relations, economic aid—assistance to other nations in the form of grants, loans, or credits to purchase goods, and technical assistance—sending experts with technical skills in agriculture, engineering, or business to aid other nations.
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3. National Security and Diplomacy
National security: The protection of the independence and political and economic integrity of the United States.
Defense Policy
Diplomacy
Defense policy includes the directing of the scale and size of the American armed forces and considers the types of armed forces we need, how many wars we need to be prepared to fight simultaneously, and the type of weaponry that will be required.
Diplomacy is the total process by which states carry on political relations with each other.
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4. Morality Versus Reality in Foreign Policy
Moral idealism
Political realism
American foreign policy—a mixture of both
Moral Idealism
This view of the world sees nations as normally willing to cooperate and agree on moral standards.
Political Realism
This principle supports a strong military and a willingness to make deals with dictators.
American Foreign Policy—A Mixture of Both
Every president has based his foreign policy on both of these principles, though some have tended to stress one or the other of the two.
(Peace Corps photo)
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5. Challenges in World Politics
The Emergence of Terrorism
Terrorism and Regional Strife
Terrorist Attacks against Foreign Civilians
September 11
(Department of Defense photo)
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6. The War on Terrorism Military Responses A New Kind of War
Bush has enunciated a new doctrine of “preemptive war” to deal with terrorism.
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7. The Terrorism Index Click Here to go to the Terrorism Index
Click on the picture to take you to “The Terrorism Index.” (Scroll down slightly.)
Question “Do you believe the United States is winning the war on terrorism?”
6% of Americans agree
84% disagree
Left: AP Photo/Sergio Dionisio;
Center: AP Photo/Paul White
Upper right: AP Photo/David Guttenfelder
Bottom right: AP Photo/Achmad Ibrahim
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8. Wars in Iraq Saddam Hussein’s annexation of Kuwait in August 1990
The Persian Gulf—The First Gulf War
The Persian Gulf—The Second Gulf War
Occupied Iraq
Uprisings: Spring 2004
Saddam Hussein’s annexation of Kuwait in August 1990 was the most clear-cut case of aggression against an independent nation since World War II.
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9. Global Attitudes Toward the U. S
Global Attitudes Toward the U.S. Have Become Less Favorable in the Iraqi War Era
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10. Click the icon to open the movie
Iraq War
Click the icon to open the movie
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11. Questions
By now, virtually every American has an opinion on the war in Iraq. Since the overthrow of Saddam, the war has been largely unsuccessful and frustrating. Go back to the lead-up to the war and think about your viewpoints. Think about the beginning of the war, the toppling of the old regime, and the resulting war against the different factions in Iraq.
What have you, personally, learned from witnessing or participating in this experience and how will you apply what you have learned in the future?
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12. The Second Gulf War in Iraq
What has been the greatest challenge facing the United States during this occupation?
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(All photos courtesy of U.S. Military) 12

13. Ethnic/Religious Groups in Iraq
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14. America gained nuclear weapons in 1945
These powers remained the only ones with open nuclear weapons programs until 1998, when Pakistan and India tested nuclear weapons.
America gained nuclear weapons in 1945
The Soviet Union in 1949
Britain in 1952
France in 1960
The U.S. and the Soviet Union still maintain sizable nuclear arsenals. Nuclear proliferation, however, is more worrisome.
China in 1964
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15. Iran’s Nuclear Ambition
Click the icon to open the movie
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16. Questions
Since 1979, Iran has arguably been the United State’s worst enemy. They fund attacks on Israel and in Iraq. They are now working on a program to develop nuclear weapons. Many critics of Iran see this as an attempt to dominate the region.
Is a nuclear-armed Iran acceptable to you, and should it be seen as acceptable to the community of nations?
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17. Questions (cont.)
Should the United States act to prevent Iran from going nuclear?
Would you support or oppose American military action to keep Iran from developing nuclear weapons?
If Iran is successful in getting nuclear weapons, what impact do you predict it will have on the Middle East?
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18. The New Power: China
American policy has been to engage the Chinese in diplomatic and economic relationships in the hope of turning the nation in a more pro-Western direction.
Chinese-American Trade Ties
Chinese-American Tensions
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19. Regional Conflicts CUBA
Cubans in Miami celebrate upon hearing that Cuban leader Fidel Castro was ill and had ceded power to his brother.
Cuban Americans’ bitterness toward Castro has influenced American policy toward Cuba.
CUBA
© Richard Patterson/Getty Images
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20. Regional Conflicts Israel and the Palestinians
The collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process
The Israeli-Hezbollah (Lebanon) War
AIDS in South Africa
African Civil War
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21. Who Makes Foreign Policy?
Constitutional Powers of the President
War Powers
Treaties and Executive Agreements
The president appoints ambassadors and decides whether to recognize other governments as legitimate.
This is a picture of President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the “Gulf of Tonkin” resolution.
To what extent can a president “run a war” without the consent of Congress?
(LBJ Library photo by Cecil Stoughton)
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22. Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership
Accessing information from within the executive branch
Influencing the budgetary constraints in all areas of appropriations
Using the “bully pulpit” to build public support for programs
Committing the nation to courses of action from which it would be very difficult to back down even if congress wished to
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23. Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking
The Department of State
The National Security Council
The Intelligence Community
Covert actions
Criticisms of the intelligence community
The Department of Defense
President Ford meets with the National Security Council in 1974.
Do the department heads all support the president as if they formed part of a “team”? Why or why not?
(Library of Congress)
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24. When the media refers to “The Pentagon,” what do they mean?
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and employs approximately 23,000 military and civilian personnel.
(DoD photo by Johnny Bivera, USN)
When the media refers to “The Pentagon,” what do they mean?
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25. Congress Balances the President
The War Powers Resolution (1973)
Presidents since, however, have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them.
Congress can sometimes take the lead, for example by voting sanctions on South Africa to oppose that nation’s former policy of racial discrimination known as apartheid.
After the War in Vietnam ( ), Congress sought to restrain the president’s ability to unilaterally commit forces to combat with the War Powers Resolution (1973). Presidents since, however, have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them. Congress can sometimes take the lead, for example by voting sanctions on South Africa to oppose that nation’s former policy of racial discrimination known as apartheid.
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26. Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy
Elite and Mass Opinion
Both presidents and elites try to influence that subset of the public that has a strong interest in foreign policy, the attentive public.
The Military-Industrial Complex
The military-industrial complex is the term that describes the mutually beneficial relationship between the armed forces and defense contractors.
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27. The Major Foreign Policy Themes
The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements
The Monroe Doctrine
The Spanish-American War and World War I
The Era of Internationalism
The Cold War
Containment Policy
A portrait of James Monroe.
The Monroe Doctrine made the Western Hemisphere a concern of the United States.
(Library of Congress)
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28. Europe During the Cold War
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29. Superpower Relations The Cuban Missile Crisis A Period of Détente
The Reagan-Bush Years
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
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30. Vietnam Early Period Armed Intervention 1964–1973
The photo of a South Vietnamese girl screaming after a napalm attack by “friendly” forces became one of the most famous photographs of the war and a major incitement to antiwar protest.
The girl, Kim Phue, survived, despite enduring pain and long-term treatment for her injuries. She is pictured here with her sun, Huan, whose name means “prospects.”
AP/Wide World Photos
© Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
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31. Lessons From Vietnam We did not have clear goals
We did not understand the political aspects of the war
We did not understand the nature of guerilla warfare
We were impatient with the war and were unwilling to devote unending resources to winning it
We did not have the public support
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32. Europe After the Fall of the Soviet Union
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33. Questions for Critical Thinking
How strong militarily was the United Sates in the 1790s? Could the U.S. have been very active in world affairs? What was the major goal of U.S. policy then?
Is it easy for the president and Congress to set a course for foreign policy? What kinds of measures can the U.S. use to combat terrorism?
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34. Questions for Critical Thinking
Why will relations with China prove important in the years to come?
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35. Web Links USINFO—The United States Department of State The Economist
Portals to the World From the Library of Congress
usinfo.state.gov
This site has the United States Information Agency’s daily briefings
and news on a variety of international issues from the official
U.S. government perspective. It includes links to several foreign language
sources and a searchable database from archived material.
The home page of The Economist, an international magazine
that specializes in in-depth articles on important international and
political issues and provides a foreign perspective on the news.
Portals to the World, a site managed by the Library of Congress,
offers maps, in-depth information, and annotated Internet resources
for selected countries of Europe, Africa, North and South America,
and Asia.
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