1. Behavioral Properties of Subjects: matrix coding as subject
Matrix Clause
It seems that they have left.
COMP NP VP S
V S-bar
NP VP
Embedded Clause

2. Behavioral Properties of Subjects: matrix coding as subject
It seems that they have left.
COMP NP VP S
V S-bar
NP VP
They seem to have left.
COMP VP
V VP-bar
NP VP S

3. Behavioral Properties of Subject: Matrix Coding as Subject
Seem takes one semantic argument.
Two syntactic subcategorization frames
Dummy subject and tensed clause
Subject and infinitive clause missing a subject
Subject of embedded clause is coded as subject of matrix clause
Occurs before the matrix verb in English
Matrix verb agrees with it

4. Behavioral Properties of Subject: Matrix Coding as Subject
What does this have to do with subjects?
Only the subject of the embedded clause can be removed from the lower clause and coded as the matrix clause subject.
* They seem I to have seen ____.
* The knife seems I to have cut the bread with.

5. What is the subject of these sentences?
There is a problem.
There are problems.
In this village lives a wise man.
In this village live many people.

6. Matrix coding as subject: more commonly known as Raising-to-Subject
Lower clause subject is raised to be the subject of the matrix clause.
It seems that they have left.
COMP NP VP S
V S-bar
NP VP S
NP VP
V VP-bar VP
COMP
They seem to have left.

7. Believe takes to semantic arguments.
Behavioral Properties of Subjects: Matrix Coding as Object: a.k.a. Raising-to-Object or Exceptional Case Marking
Believe takes to semantic arguments.
Two syntactic subcategorization frames:
Subject and tensed embedded clause.
Subject, object, and infinitive VP
I believe that they have left.
I believe them to have left.

8. I believe that they have leftS
Matrix Clause
NP VP
V S-bar
COMP S
Embedded Clause
NP VP
I believe that they have left
I believe them to have left
COMP VP
V NP VP-bar
NP VP S

9. I believe them to have left COMP VP V NP VP-bar S
Raising-to-Object: We will use this one in this class. S
NP VP
Exceptional Case Marking: we will not use this one. S
V NP VP-bar
COMP VP
I believe them to have left

10. Evidence that them is direct object of the matrix clause
It is in the accusative case.
It can be the subject of the passive of the matrix verb.
They are believed to have left.
Tests for constituency:
Class participation
Coordination
Movement
Pronoun substitution

11. Behavioral property of subjects only
Only the subject of the lower (embedded) clause can be raised up to be the object of the matrix clause.
Leslie believes that the police have arrested Chris.
Leslie believes the police to have arrested Chris.
*Leslie believes Chris the police to have arrested.

12. Test with raising to object
There are some problems.
In the village live many people.

13. Using passive to make patients raisable
It seems that Chris ate a sandwich.
It seems that a sandwich was eaten by Chris.
A sandwich seems to have been eaten by Chris.
I believe that Chris ate a sandwich.
I believe that a sandwich was eaten by Chris.
I believe a sandwich to have been eaten by Chris.

14. Raising in Malagasy
See handout

15. Behavioral Properties of Subjects: Control by Matrix Subject
Pat is the agent of try and the agent of open.
Pat is also the subject of both verbs.
Pat tried to open the window
COMP VP
V VP-bar
NP VP S

16. Control by matrix subject: a.k.a. Equi NP Deletion
Pat tried Pat to open the window.
Pat tried __ to open the window.

17. Control as a properties of subjects.
Pat tried ___ to open the window.
controllee
controller
Only the subject of the lower (embedded) clause can be the controllee:
* Pat tried Kim to see ___

18. Seem and Try (more about this later in the semester)
The cat seems to be out of the bag.
There seems to be a problem.
That seems to be my husband.
The doctor seemed to examine Sam.
Sam seemed to be examined by the doctor.
The cat tried to be out of the bag.
*There tried to be a problem.
That tried to be my husband.
The doctor tried to examine Sam.
Sam tried to be examined by the doctor.

19. Control by Matrix Object
I persuaded Pat to leave
COMP VP
V NP VP-bar
NP VP S

20. Control by Matrix Object
Pat is the direct object of persuade and the subject of leave.
The matrix object (controller) and embedded subject (controllee) are the same.
Only the embedded subject can be the controllee.
*Pat persuaded Sam the doctor to examine.

21. Believe and Persuade I believe the cat to be out of the bag.
I believe there to be a problem.
I believe that to be my husband.
I believe Pat to have opened the window.
I believe the window to have been opened by Pat.
I persuaded the cat to be out of the bag.
*I persuaded there to be a problem.
I persuaded that to be my husband.
I persuaded Pat to have opened the window.
? I persuaded the window to have been opened by Pat.

22. Using passive to make patients controllable
I believe that Sam opened the window.
I believe the window to have been opened by Sam.
I perusaded the doctor to examine Sam.
I persuaded Sam to be examined by the doctor.

23. Control in Malagasy
See handout.

24. Control of Adjunct Clauses
Having just arrived in town, Sam called his mother.
Having just hurt herself, Sam called his mother.
What can be the controller?
Matrix subject?
Matrix object?
What can be the controllee?
Embedded subject?
Embedded object?

25. Conjunction Reduction
Bill saw Sam and left.
Who left?
Bill saw Sam and greeted him.
Who greeted someone?
*Bill(i) saw Sam(j) and he(i) greeted ___(j).
What can be the controller of conjunction reduction?
What can be the controllee of conjunction reduction?

26. See handout Conjunction reduction in Malagasy.
Conjunction reduction and control in Tindi.