1. Cells

2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
The Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
All cells come from preexisting cells.

3. The Wacky History of Cell Theory

5. Magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Light Microscopes
Utilizes a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image
Magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size

6. Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons to produce an image
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Electron Microscopes
Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons
to produce
an image
Magnifies images up to 500,000 times the actual size
9560x

7. Contains a plasma membrane
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Prokaryotic Cell
Simple structure
Contains a plasma membrane
Does not contain membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus
Think: “PRO sounds like NO”

8. More complex structure
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Eukaryotic Cell
More complex structure
Contains a plasma membrane
Contains membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus
Think: “EU sounds like DO”

9. Plasma (Cell) Membrane
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment
Allows nutrients into the cell
Allows waste to leave the cell

10. Selective Permeability
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Selective Permeability
The plasma membrane controls the movement of
substances into
and out of the cell.

11. The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
A phospholipid means:
a glycerol backbone
two fatty acid chains
a phosphate group.

12. Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
The phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to “float” in the membrane.
Other Components
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates

13. Transmit signals inside the cell Act as a support structure
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Proteins
Transmit signals inside the cell
Act as a support structure
Provide pathways for larger substances to enter and leave the cell

14. Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Cholesterol
Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

15. Identify chemical signals
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Carbohydrates
Identify chemical signals

16. 7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles

17. 7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles

18. Short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Cilia
Short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Flagella
Longer and less numerous than cilia
Creates movement with a whip-like motion

20. Three Modes of Passive Transport
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Passive Transport
Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy (Goes with the flow.
Three Modes of Passive Transport
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

21. Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Initial Conditions
Low
High
High
Low

22. Diffusion is controlled by
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Diffusion is controlled by
Temperature
Pressure
Concentration
Dynamic Equilibrium
When diffusion of material into the cell equals diffusion of material out of the cell

23. Diffusion in a Cell 7.4 Cellular Transport Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Diffusion in a Cell

24. Facilitated Diffusion
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using proteins

25. Channel Proteins Carrier Proteins 7.4 Cellular Transport Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Channel Proteins
Carrier Proteins

27. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Three Types of Solutions
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

28. Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Isotonic Solution
Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate.
Cell stays the same.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
11,397x

29. Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Hypotonic Solution
Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.
Water diffuses into the cell.
BLOWS UP the cell.
Blood Cell
Plant Cell
13,000x

30. Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Hypertonic Solution
Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.
Water diffuses out of the cell.
SHRINKS the cell.
Blood Cell
Plant Cell
13,000x

31. Active Transport Using Carrier Proteins
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Active Transport
Movement of particles across the cell membrane using energy
Active Transport Using Carrier Proteins

32. Process by which the cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Endocytosis
Process by which the cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell
Exocytosis
Secretion of material out of the plasma membrane

33. Transformation of Energy
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Transformation of Energy
Energy is the ability to do work.
Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

34. All of the chemical reactions in a cell
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in a cell
Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell
Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

35. ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken.

37. Overview of Photosynthesis
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Photosynthesis
Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in two phases.
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions

38. Light and pigments
Photosynthesis requires light and the pigment chlorophyll
The green pigment is the wavelength reflected rather than absorbed, by plants the most – so plants are green and other colors are absorbed

39. Phase One: Light Reactions
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Photosynthesis
Phase One: Light Reactions
The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts capture light energy.

40. Reactions of Photosynthesis Light dependent reactions
Grana are stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplast that contain the chlorophyll which captures sunlight
Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoids

42. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent)
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Photosynthesis
Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent)
In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.

43. Light independent reactions The Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle or light independent reactions take place in the stroma
Uses ATP and NADPH from light dep. Reactions to produce high energy sugars

45. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.
(Glucose) + (oxygen)---->(carbon dioxide) + (water) + energy* (ATP)

46. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

47. Cellular respiration occurs in 3 parts.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in 3 parts.
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

48. Step 1: Glycolysis 8.3 Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Step 1: Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm by glycolysis (splitting glucose).
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Forms 2 pyruvate from 1 glucose
2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.
Takes 2 ATP to start

49. Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Step 2: Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate.
The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.
Occurs in the mitochondria

50. The net yield from the Krebs cycle is 6 CO2 molecules 2 ATP 8 NADH
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
The net yield from the Krebs cycle is
6 CO2 molecules
2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2.

51. Step 3: Electron Transport
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Step 3: Electron Transport
Final step in the breakdown of glucose
Point at which ATP is produced
Produces 32 ATP

52. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Summary Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)

53. Anaerobic Respiration
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis
Two main types:
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation

54. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)

55. Fermentation A process in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
Lactic acid fermentation – NADH is converted back to NAD producing lactic acid
Occurs when body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles during exercise = soreness, burning, fatigue