1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)
Chapter 16
Therapy
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. Therapy Psychotherapy Eclectic Approach
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Eclectic Approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses or integrates techniques from various forms of therapy (Also called psychotherapy integration

3. Therapy- Psychoanalysis
Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
use has rapidly decreased in recent years
Resistance
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

4. Therapy- Psychoanalysis
Interpretation
the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
Transference
the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
e.g. love or hatred for a parent

5. Humanist Therapy Person-Centered Therapy Active Listening
humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
Active Listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

6. Gestalt Therapy developed by Fritz Perls
combines the psychoanalytic emphasis on bringing unconscious feelings to awareness and the humanistic emphasis on getting “in touch with oneself”
aims to help people become more aware of and able to express their feelings, and to take responsibility for their feelings and actions

7. Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy Counterconditioning
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Counterconditioning
procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
based on classical conditioning
includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

8. Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization
type of counterconditioning
associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobias

9. Behavior Therapy Aversive Conditioning
type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
nausea ---> alcohol

10. Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Pulse rate in beats
per minute
Time
120
100 80 60

11. Behavior Therapy Aversion therapy for alcoholics CS+ UCS
(drug in alcohol) CR
(nausea) CS
(alcohol) CR
(nausea)

12. Behavior Therapy Token Economy
an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

13. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy
teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

14. Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Revolution

15. Cognitive Therapy Rational-Emotive Therapy
confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis
vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
also called rational-emotive behavior therapy by Ellis, emphasizing a behavioral “homework” component

16. Cognitive Therapy A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
Lost job
Internal beliefs
(“I’m worthless.”
“It’s hopeless.”)
Depression
“My boss is a jerk.
I deserve something
better.”
No depression
A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders

17. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy for depression Pre-therapy test
Post-therapy
Depression
scores 30 25 20 15 10 5
Cognitive
training patients
Waiting list
patients
Cognitive therapy for depression

18. Group Therapies Family Therapy treats the family as a system
views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
encourages family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

19. Who Does Therapy?
To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?

20. Who Does Therapy? Therapists and Their Training Type Description
Psychiatrist Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological
disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have private practice.
Clinical Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research,
psychologists assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.
Clinical or A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus psychiatric postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer
Social workers psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family
problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social
Workers’ designation of clinical social worker.
Counselors Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from
family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers
and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

21. Does Therapy Work? Meta-analysis
procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
80% of untreated people
have poorer outcomes than
the average treated person
Number of
persons
Average
psychotherapy
client
untreated
person
Poor
outcome
Good

22. Biomedical Therapies Psychopharmacology Lithium
study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Lithium
chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders

23. Biomedical Therapies Prozac blocks normal reuptake of the neuro-
transmitter serotonin;
excess serotonin in
dynapse enhances its
mood-lifting effect.
Vesicles
containing
neurotrans-
mitters
Sending
neuron
Action
potential
Neurotransmitter
molecule
Synaptic
gap
Receptors
Receiving
Reuptake
Prozac
Message is sent
across synaptic gap.
Message is received;
excess neurotransmitter
molecules are reabsorbed
by sending neuron.
Serotonin

24. Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

25. Biomedical Therapies Psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
lobotomy
now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

26. Biomedical Therapies Comparing Treatments for Depression
Cognitive Antidepressant Electroconvulsive
Therapy Drugs Therapy
Percent marked
Improvement % % %
Relapse rate moderate moderate to high moderate to high
Side effects none moderate severe
Time scale months weeks days
Overall very good useful to very good useful to very good