1. Computer programming
Dr. Ivan A. Hashim

2. MATLAB
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:
Math and computation
Algorithm development
Data acquisition
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics
Application development, including graphical user interface building

3. MATLAB Desktop

4. Matrices and Arrays Entering Matrices
Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas.
Use a semicolon (;) to indicate the end of each row.
Surround the entire list of elements with square brackets, [ ].
A = [ ; ; ; ]

5. Matrices and Arrays
>> A = [ ; ; ; ]
A =

6. Matrices and Arrays Subscripts >> A(1,3)+A(2,2)+A(3,4)+A(4,1)
ans = 28

7. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> 1:10
>> 1:2:10
>> 100:-7:50

8. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A(2,:)
ans = 2 11 7 14

9. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A(1:2,1:3) ans =

10. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A(1:2,2:end) ans =

11. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A(2:3,3:4) ans =

12. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A(1:3,2:4) ans =

13. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A([1 3],:) ans =

14. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A(:,[1 4]) ans =

15. Matrices and Arrays The Colon Operator (:) >> A([1 3],[1 4])
ans =

16. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> det(A)
>> inv(A)
ans =
1.0871e-12
ans =
1.0e+15 *

17. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> diag(A)
ans = 16 10 7 1

18. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> length(A)
>> length(B)
ans = 4
ans = 8

19. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> numel(A)
>> numel(B)
ans = 16
ans = 8

20. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> size(A)
>> size(B)
ans =
ans =

21. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> max(A)
>> max(B)
ans =
ans = 9
>> max(max(A))
ans = 16

22. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> min(A)
>> min(B)
ans =
ans =
>> min(min(A))
ans = 1

23. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> sort(B)
>> sort(B,'ascend')
ans =
>> sort(B,'descend')
ans =

24. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> sort(A) or sort(A,1)
>> sort(A,2)
ans =
ans =

25. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> sum(A)
>> sum(B)
ans =
ans = 34
>> sum(sum(A))
ans =
134

26. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> tril(A)
>> triu(A)
ans =
ans =

27. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> magic(3)
>> zeros(3)
ans =
ans =
>> zeros(3,2)
>> ones(3)
ans =
ans =

28. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> rand(2)
>> rand(2,3)
ans =
ans =
>> randn(3)
ans =

29. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> mean(A)
>> mean(B)
ans =
ans =
4.2500

30. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> B'
ans = 5 6 8 9 1 3 2

31. Matrices and Arrays Functions
ans =

32. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> A+D
>> A*D
ans =
ans =

33. Matrices and Arrays Functions
ans =
ans =

34. Matrices and Arrays Functions
ans =
ans =

35. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> A.*D
>> A./D
ans =
ans =

36. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> A.^D
>> sqrt(A)
ans =
ans =

37. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> flip(A)
>> flip(B)
ans =
ans =

38. Matrices and Arrays Functions
>> fliplr(A)
>> fliplr(B)
ans =
ans =

39. Statistical Functions
Description
corrcoef
Correlation coefficients
mean
Average or mean value of array
median
Median value of array
mode
Most frequent values in array
std
Standard deviation
var
Variance

40. Variables
MATLAB does not require any type declarations or dimension statements
When MATLAB encounters a new variable name, it automatically creates the variable and allocates the appropriate amount of storage
If the variable already exists, MATLAB changes its contents
num_students = 25
Variable names consist of a letter, followed by any number of letters, digits, or underscores
MATLAB uses only the first 31 characters of a variable name. MATLAB is case sensitive

41. Numbers
MATLAB uses conventional decimal notation, with an optional decimal point and leading plus or minus sign, for numbers. Scientific notation uses the letter e to specify a power-of-ten scale factor. Imaginary numbers use either i or j as a suffix. Some examples of legal numbers are
e e23
1i j e5i
All numbers are stored internally using the long format specified by the IEEE floating-point standard. Floating-point numbers have a finite precision of roughly 16 significant decimal digits and a finite range of roughly to

42. Operators Operators Description + Addition - Subtraction *
Multiplication /
Division \
Left division (described in “Matrices and Linear Algebra” in the MATLAB documentation) ^
Power '
Complex conjugate transpose
( )
Specify evaluation order

43. Relational and Logic Operators
Description ==
Equal
<
Less than
>
Greater than
<=
Less than or equal
>=
Greater than or equal ~=
Not equal
&
And | Or ~
Not

44. Functions cos(x) sin(x) tan(x) sec(x) csc(x) cot(x) acos(x) asin(x)
atan(x)
atan2(y,x)
exp(x)
log(x)
[log(x) is ln(x)]
log10(x)
log2(x)
sqrt(x)
cosh(x)
sinh(x)
tanh(x)
sech(x)
csch(x)
coth(x)
acosh(x)
asinh(x)
atanh(x)

45. Functions Function Description abs(x)
the absolute value of a number (real or complex)
clc
clears the command window; useful for beautifying printed output
ceil(x)
the nearest integer to x looking toward +1
clear
clears all assigned variables
close all
closes all figure windows
close 3
closes figure window 3
fix(x)
the nearest integer to x looking toward zero
mod(x,y)
the integer remainder of x/y
rem(x,y)
round(x)
the nearest integer to x
sign(x)
the sign of x and returns 0 if x=0

46. Special Functions pi 3.14159265… i Imaginary unit, j Same as i eps
Floating-point relative precision,
realmin
Smallest floating-point number,2-1022
realmax
Largest floating-point number,
Inf
Infinity
NaN
Not-a-number

47. Basic Plotting Functions
Creating a Plot
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)

48. Basic Plotting Functions
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot of the Sine Function','FontSize',12)

49. Basic Plotting Functions
text(1,-1/3,'{\it Sinwave Example.}')

50. Basic Plotting Functions
Setting Axis Limits
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])
axis([ ])

51. Basic Plotting Functions
Multiple Data Sets in One Graph
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
y2 = sin(x-.25);
y3 = sin(x-.5);
plot(x,y,x,y2,x,y3)

52. Basic Plotting Functions
Multiple Data Sets in One Graph
legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)','sin(x-.5)')

53. Basic Plotting Functions
Specifying Line Styles and Colors
plot(x,y,'color_style_marker')
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y,'r:+') r g b y w k m c - -- : -. + o * x s d ^ v
<
> p h

54. Basic Plotting Functions
Adding Plots to an Existing Graph
x = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = cos(x);
plot(x,y1)
hold on
plot(x,y2)

55. Basic Plotting Functions
Adding Plots to an Existing Graph
x = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = cos(x);
plot(x,y1)
hold on
plot(x,y2)
grid on

56. Basic Plotting Functions
Multiple Plots in One Figure
x = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
y1 = sin(x);y3=tan(x);
y2 = cos(x);y4=cot(x);
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1)
subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y2)
subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,y3)
subplot(2,2,4); plot(x,y4)

57. Basic Plotting Functions
Multiple Plots in One Figure
x = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = cos(x);
y3=tan(x);
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1)
subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y2)
subplot(2,2,3:4); plot(x,y3)

58. Basic Plotting Functions
Multiple Plots in One Figure
x = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = cos(x);
y3=tan(x);
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1)
subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,y2)
subplot(2,2,[2 4]); plot(x,y3)

59. Complex Numbers >> A=3+4i >> B = complex(-1,-3) A =
>> A = complex(3,4)
>> B=-1-3j
A = i
B = i

60. Complex Numbers >> abs(A) >> angle(A) ans = 5 ans = 0.9273
>> abs(B)
>> angle(A)*180/pi
ans =
3.1623
ans =

61. Complex Numbers >> conj(A) >> real(A) ans =i
ans = 3
>> conj(B)
>> real(B)
ans = i
ans = -1

62. Complex Numbers >> imag(A) >> A+B ans = 4 ans =
>> imag(B)
>> A-B
ans = -3
ans = i

63. Complex Numbers >> A*B >> A^2 ans = 9.0000 -13.0000i ans =
>> sin(A)
ans = i
ans = i

64. M-File If-statement A=input('input the value of A =');
if mod(A,2)==0
disp('A is even')
else
disp('A is odd')
end
input the value of A =4
A is even
input the value of A =5
A is odd

65. M-File If-statement input the value of A =5
A=input('input the value of A =');
B=input('input the value of B =');
if A>B
'greater'
elseif A<B
'less'
else
'equal'
end
input the value of A =5
input the value of B =6
ans =
less
input the value of A =10
input the value of B =2
ans =
greater

66. M-File Switch and case input the value of A =2
A=input('input the value of A =');
switch A
case {1,2,3}
y=20
case 4
y=50
case 5
y=70
otherwise
y=100
end
input the value of A =2
y = 20
input the value of A =5
y = 70

67. M-File For input the value of A =2 A=input('input the value of A =');
B=input('input the value of B =');
sum=0;
for i=A:B
if mod(i,2)==0
sum=sum+i;
end
sum
input the value of A =2
input the value of B =10
sum = 30

68. M-File while input the value of A =2
A=input('input the value of A =');
B=input('input the value of B =');
sum=0;
while A<=B
sum=sum+A;
A=A+1;
end
sum
input the value of A =2
input the value of B =10
sum = 54

69. M-File Continue input the value of A =2
A=input('input the value of A =');
B=input('input the value of B =');
sum=0;
for i=A:B
if mod(i,2)==1
continue
end
sum=sum+i;
sum
input the value of A =2
input the value of B =10
sum = 30

70. M-File Break input the value of A =2
A=input('input the value of A =');
B=input('input the value of B =');
sum=0;
for i=A:10000
sum=sum+i;
if i==B
break
end
sum
input the value of A =2
input the value of B =10
sum = 54

71. M-File Scripts sum=0; for i=1:10 sum=sum+i; sum1to10 end sum = sum 55
Save as sum1to10.m

72. M-File Functions function [sum]=sumAtoB(A,B) >> sumAtoB(1,5)
for i=A:B
sum=sum+i;
end
>> sumAtoB(1,5)
ans = 15
>> sumAtoB(5,20)
ans =
200
Save as sumAtoB.m