1. Introduction to Computers and the Internet
Information Technology Department
Bryar Hassan (BSc & MSc Eng.)

2. Contents What is a Computer? Evolution of the Internet and WWW
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Web 2.0
A Communication Model
Networking
The Internet
Software Technologies
Internet Technology – First Year

3. What is a Computer? Computer Device capable of
Performing computations
Making logical decisions
Works billions of times faster than human beings
Fastest supercomputers today
Perform hundreds of billions of additions per second
Internet Technology – First Year

4. What is a Computer? (Cont.)
Programs
Sets of instructions that process data
Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by computer programmers
Computer system
Comprised of various hardware devices
Keyboard
Screen
Disks
Memory
DVD drives
Processing Units
Internet Technology – First Year

5. Evolution of the Internet and WWW
ARPANET
Implemented in late 1960’s by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency of DOD)
Networked computer systems of a dozen universities and institutions with 56KB communications lines
Grandparent of today’s Internet
Intended to allow computers to be shared
Became clear that key benefit was allowing fast communication between researchers – electronic-mail ( )
Internet Technology – First Year

6. Evolution of the Internet and WWW
ARPANET’s Goal
Allow multiple users to send and receive info at same time
Network operated packet switching technique
Digital data sent in small packages called packets
Packets contained data, address info, error-control info and sequencing info
Greatly reduced transmission costs of dedicated communications lines
Network designed to be operated without centralized control
If portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to route packets
Internet Technology – First Year

7. Evolution of the Internet and WWW
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Name of protocols for communicating over ARPAnet
Ensured that messages were properly routed and that they arrived intact
Organizations implemented own networks
Used both for intra-organization and communication
Internet Technology – First Year

8. Evolution of the Internet and WWW
Huge variety of networking hardware and software appeared
ARPA achieved inter-communication between all platforms with development of the IP
Internetworking Protocol
Current architecture of Internet
Combined set of protocols called TCP/IP
The Internet
Limited to universities and research institutions
Military became big user
Next, government decided to access Internet for commercial purposes
Internet Technology – First Year

9. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
W3C Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee
Homepage at
Goals
Internet universally accessible
Standardization
Internet Technology – First Year

10. Web 2.0 The term Web 2.0 was coined by Dale Dougherty
Web 2.0 definition = companies use the web as a platform to create collaborative, community-based sites (e.g., social networking sites, blogs, wikis, etc.).
Web 1.0 (1990s and early 2000s) focused on a small number of companies and advertisers producing content for users to access
Web 2.0 involves the
Web 1.0 is as a lecture,
Web 2.0 is a conversation
Websites like MySpace , Facebook , Flickr , YouTube, eBay and Wikipedia , users create the content, companies provide the platforms.
Internet Technology – First Year

11. A Communication Model
Internet Technology – First Year

12. The Key Elements of this Model
Source: generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter: converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System: carries data from source to destination
Receiver: converts received signal into data
Destination: takes incoming data
Internet Technology – First Year

13. Networking
Growth of number and power of computers is driving need for interconnection
Rapid Integration of voice, data, image, and video technologies
Networking
Internet Technology – First Year

14. The Internet Internet evolved form ARPANET
First operational packet switching network
Applied to tactical radio and satellite nets also
Led to standardized TCP/IP protocolsDevelop an understanding of various internet applications
Describe the basics of how internet works? Internet protocol IP address assignment
Explain the importance of websites and discuss ways to design a basic website using HTML for personal use;
Explain the use of webservers and cloud computing
Internet Technology – First Year

15. Internet Elements
Internet Technology – First Year

16. Internet Architecture
Internet Technology – First Year

17. Software Technologies
Mark-up Languages
HTML
XML
Dynamic Scripting Languages
JSP
PHP
ASP.Net
Other Scripting Languages
JavaScript
VB Script
AJAX
Internet Technology – First Year

18. Software Technologies
Programming Languages
Machine languages
Assembly languages
High-level languages, such as Java, C++, and C#
Web Servers
Apache
IIS
Databases
MySQL
MS SQL Server
Oracle
Internet Technology – First Year