1. APA

2. Citing Studies in the Text
American Psychological Association Style (APA- 6th edition)
In research others’ ideas and words must be formally acknowledged. This is done by citing original documents in the text and then documenting all these studies in an alphabetical order in the Reference section.
Citing others’ work can be done directly or indirectly.
PS. Only surnames of the authors are used!!

3. INDIRECT CITATION (Paraphrasıng or Summarısıng)
CITING A WORK BY SINGLE AUTHOR
If the name of the author appears in the text:
Thus, there have been concerns regarding the effectiveness of standardized testing in assessing writing. In an attempt to overcome some of the problems associated with standardized testing, many researchers have advocated assessment procedures that are ongoing and process-oriented. For example, Stiggens (2005) calls for the use of assessment for learning models that focus on ongoing formative assessment of students’ progress rather than the widely used assessment of learning models which are more static in nature and are limited to testing the end product of learning through measuring students’ achievement rather than their progress.

4. If the name of the author does not appear in the text:
The advent of DA is relatively new in the field of educational assessment in general and in the field of second language assessment in particular (Ableeva, 2009).

5. If you need to cite more than one article of the same author in the same year:
Unfortunately, this proliferation of research addressing ESL writing, on the one hand, and socio-cultural learning theories, on the other, has not yet been paralleled with the same enthusiasm to find writing assessment methods reflecting the socio-cultural nature of learning which can be used as alternatives to standardized testing since the latter has been continuously criticized for its being an invalid writing assessment method (Hamp-Lyons, 1990a).
The use of standardized tests in assessing writing has received even more criticism since the use of such an assessment procedure does not seem to accurately measure writing ability (Hamp-Lyons, 1990b).

6. Citing a work by two authors
Surnames of both authors are used all the time:
According to Lantolf and Poehner (2005), formative assessment methods seem to implicitly consider assessment and instruction as two separate entities where the role of assessment is simply to bring about change in instruction.
Following that, a review of literature on formative assessment is presented since formative assessment can be considered one way to overcome many of the problems associated with standardized testing in addition to being compared to DA in aiming for ongoing assessment rather than focusing on final achievement testing only (Lantolf & Poehner, 2005).

7. Citing a work with 3 or more authors
Write all the names when you first cite them:
The theoretical underpinnings of DA can be traced back to the Vygotskian concept of Zone of Proximal Development and the theory of Mediated Learning Experience (Feuerstein, Rand & Hoffman, 1979).
In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by ‘et al’.
Thus, one can see the similarities between Vygotsky’s ZPD and Feuerstein et al. (1979) MLE since both emphasize the role of intervention by a more capable peer in promoting development.

8. Citing multiple references
If we need to cite multiple references for the same idea, use either alphabetic or chronologic order and separate author groups with a semicolon.
It is worth noting that whereas Lidz’s (1987) definition seems to emphasize that the goal of DA is mainly to achieve cognitive modifiability, more recent definitions of DA (Ableeva, 2009; Anton, 2009; Poehner, 2005) stress the social rather than cognitive aspect of this assessment procedure.

9. Citing works with no authors
If a work does not have author, use the first two or three words of the title and capitalize each word. Italicize them and use double quotation mars
A special one-off visa category was announced (“Assessment Criteria”, 2001).

10. DIRECT CITATION
If you want to use others’ words as they are, you must use quotations and the page number.
For a quotation of fewer than 40 words (4 lines)
Testing, on the other hand, is “a special form of assessment administered under contrived circumstances. In other words, all tests are assessments, but not all assessments are tests’’ (Kizlik, 2009, p. 1).
Lantolf and Poehner (2004) contend that “dynamic assessment integrates assessment and instruction into a seamless, unified activity aimed at promoting learner development through appropriate forms of mediation that are sensitive to the individual‘s (or in some cases a group‘s) current abilities” (p. 50).

11. A quotation of more than 40 words must be set apart from the text (block quotation). The left margin of the block should be set in from the left margin by the same spacing as the first line of a new paragraph.
Sample 1
In accordance with this point of view, Yancey (1999) further adds the following:
This model of writing assessment, with its different genres and multiple texts and classroom writing environment, seemed more valid still. But built into the model was another new feature, a reliability based not on statistics, but on reading and interpretation and negotiation. (p. 492)

12. Sample 2
…that it is sometimes necessary for testing to lead the way:
We believe that language testers can serve linguistic theory by examining the way in which their tests work, how their different components interrelate, and what they reveal about candidates’ language proficiency. Insights from such an analysis of test results should contribute to the development of a better understanding of what is involved in knowing and using language. (Alderson, 1992, p. 164)

13. LIST OF REFERENCES

14. Books One Author Two authors
Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O'Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press.

15. Three authors and above
O'Malley, J. M., Chamot, A. U., & Bochner, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.

16. Book Chapters Chapter in an edited book
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1991). Cooperative learning and classroom and school climate. In B. J. Fraser, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Educational environments (pp ). Oxford: Pergamon.

17. Journals Journal Article /Printed Journal Article with a DOI
Medgyes, P. (1993). The national L2 curriculum in Hungary. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 13,
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in Organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), doi: /j.socscimed

18. Journals
Journal Article /Internet (no year)
Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from