1. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

2. Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons formed over millions of years by geological action on decaying plant & animal matter

3. Separated by Boiling Points (bp increases as molecular weight & # Carbon’s increases)

4. Uses of crude oil

5. 4 types of hydrocarbons Straight-chain Branched chain
Cyclic (5-6 C rings)
Aromatic (benzene rings)

6. Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with single bonds
Tetrahedral (109o angles)

7. Homologous Series: CnH2n+2
Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-
Pent-
Hex-
Hept-
Oct-

8. Properties of Alkanes C1 to C4: Gases C5 to C18 : liquids
>C20: waxy solids
Less dense than water (float)
Insoluble in water
Does not conduct electricity
C-H bonds are slightly polar but as most are symmetrical, polarity is cancelled
Non-polar
Dispersion forces only; low bp and mp
Higher molecular weight higher dispersion forces
Higher molecular weight  less volatility (ability to vaporise)
Each Carbon is carrying its maximum # of Hydrogen’s  SATURATED

9. Solve
A hydrocarbon was found to contain 82.6% Carbon and 17.4% hydrogen. Calculate its empirical formula. Is this compound an alkane? If so, suggest a formula and draw its structure.
What is the molecular formula and weight for an alkane containing 23 carbons?

10. Alkenes: Hydrocarbons with double bonds (CnH2n)
Double bond is capable of bonding with additional H’s  UNSATURATED

11. Isomers: different compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Example: C4H8
Draw and name all the possible isomers for C5H10