1. Population Association of America
“Cohabitation in the Americas:
Geo-historical legacies and new developments, ” Washington, D. C.  /  Friday, April 01, 2016
Ron Lesthaeghe, Albert Esteve (eds)
Forthcoming 2016, Springer
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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2. Co-autors of chapters Data Analyses
A. Lopez-Gay, J. Lopez-Colas, T. Castro-Martin, J. Quilodran, B. Laplante, A-L. Fostik, M. Covre-Sussai, W. Cabella, G. Binstock, S. Kennedy, L. Neidert, I. Permanyer, J. Garcia-Roman, A. Dominguez, C. Saavedra, A. Turu, T-A. Casido, V. Salinas.
Data
University of Minnesota IPUMS data files (anonymous individual level samples of census data), supplemented by country specific survey data (e.g. DHS, US Community Surveys ...).
Analyses
Reconstruction of trends by sub-region (e.g. Mexico since1930).
Evolution by level of education/social class and ethnicity, and reconstruction of cohort profiles by education level.
Contextual analyses (with individual level data entered first, smallest possible area data next) for USA , Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Chile.
Geo-historical bases of the cohabitation traditions.
New developments, SDT features.
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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3. Pre-existing traditions ≥ High degree of diversity
Ethnographic references native populations : polygamy, polyandry, women & wife exchange, “bride price/ service”, marriage a gradual process, no elaborate rites. But marriage celebrations in populations stemming from large precolumbian states (Mexico, Andean ridge).
Black populations : gender separation among slaves, visiting unions and high cohabitation rates.
European white settlers & even clergy : concubines.
Less social control & influence Christianity in frontier & remote areas.
Weaker states and/or tolerant legislation ( esp. Portuguese).
BUT ! factors ≥ European marriage
But Late 19th & 20th Century European immigration (Italian, Spanish, German). Marriages dominant in Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile.
Urban bourgeoisie, educated strata.
The model of success, the reference point.
Evangelical christianity.
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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4. 1970 1990 2010 1980 2000 137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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5. Round 2000 Round 2010 137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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6. Percent cohabiting among all women in union,
selected Mexican indigenous populations,
Ethnicity factor:
Black populations everywhere higher incidence of cohabitation than national levels.
Native Americans: Very often higher levels, except in Central Mexico, Yucatan and on Andean high plateau (effect of historical existence of large states with more stratified social organization ?)
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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7. Educational development. Women 25-29
Boxplot of the regional diversity of the percent of women with primary education or more, by country and for the two census rounds of 1970 and 2000.
Boxplot of the regional diversity of the percentage of women aged with secondary education or more, by country and for the census rounds of 1970 and 2000.
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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8. The cohabitation boom among the young elites of national administrative units, 1970s to 2000
50%
10%
Rise in percentages cohabiting among all women in a union with Secondary education or more, 1970s to 2000 (Peru: ).
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9. “Ready, Willing, and Able”
Economic/material
Advantage;
Response to crisis
(expected: marriages postponed and post-crisis marriage boom)
Moral/ethical
acceptability
Legal framework
Legal adaptations
THE ETHICS
REVOLUTION
Individual freedom of choice with respect to divorce, euthanasia, sexual orientation, abortion, even suicide. TOP DOWN DIFFUSION
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10. Declining strength of the stigmatization of suicide by education and period.
1990s
% never
acceptable
Education Level
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11. Data source: World Values Surveys.
Weakening of strength of stigmatization of homosexuality by education and period .
1990s
% never
acceptable
Education Level
Data source: World Values Surveys.
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12. Conclusions
1. Rising cohabitation trend often already under way prior to economic shocks of s, no clear postponement of marriages as a result of crisis, no post-crisis marriage boom.
2. Uninterrupted rising, trend of cohabitation in ALL countries & areas and in ALL social strata, with catching up among the higher education populations. Strong de- stigmatization of premarital cohabitation. Trend still continuing.
3. Concomitant de-stigmatization abortion, homosexuality, euthanasia and even suicide.
4. Latin American cohabitation boom is not only a demographic manifestation of centuries of marked social inequality but now also the result of a much wider ethics revolution and profound cultural change in ALL strata of the population (cf. SDT).
5. Contextual net effects of education, ethnicity, religion almost always highly significant, and idem for many country-specific interactions (combinations).
6. Next? The other SDT factor : postponement of fertility and sub-replacement period fertility level (just opposite compared to Far East, where fertility postponement came first, cohabitation much later). First manifestations present among better educated women, but countered by high teenage fertility in many settings.
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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13. Thank you. Ron Lesthaeghe Albert Esteve rlesthaeghe@yahoo.com
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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14. Supplementary slides useful for discussion part
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15. 1970 1990 2010 1980 2000 137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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16. Inflation rates 30 % peak in Chile, Colombia. 130% Mexico.
1990
1990
1990
1985
1985
1985
Inflation rates
30 % peak in Chile, Colombia. 130% Mexico.
3000% peak in Brazil, Argentina.
7,000-11,000% peak in Peru, Bolivia.
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17. 137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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18. 137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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19. Percentages women 25-29 cohabiting among partnered women, by education and census data
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Uruguay
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20. Percentages women 25-29 cohabiting among partnered women, by education and census data
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Venezuela
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21. Percentages women 25-29 cohabiting among partnered women, by education and census data
Mexico
Panama
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
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22. De-stigmatization of homosexuality, 1990-2008
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
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23. Strength of the stigmatization of euthanasia, 1990-2008
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24. Strength of the stigmatization of abortion, 1990-2008
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25. Strength of the stigmatization of divorce, 1990-2008
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26. Thank you. Ron Lesthaeghe Albert Esteve rlesthaeghe@yahoo.com
137 : Cohabitation Across the Americas
April/01/2016