1. Ecology
SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids).
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3. Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem
Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids
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ALL ENERGY
Begins with the SUN
With Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis
DO NOT COPY
Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose
ENERGY is stored in glucose
Glucose is stored as starch in plants
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Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS.
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7. Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves.
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Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live.
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6O2 + C6H12O6 -->  6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose.It makes energy in the form of ATP.
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The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy.
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11. Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS.
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12. There are 4 general types of consumers:
Herbivores eat only plants
Carnivores eat only animals
Omnivores eat plant and animals
Decomposers break down decaying organisms

13. Zebras eat grass. They are herbivores.
Cows are herbivores.

14. Herbivores
Hippos are herbivores.
Rhinos are herbivores.

15. Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth.
Lions definitely eat meat!
Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth.

16. Consumers that eat producers to get energy:
Are primary consumers
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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids).
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18. A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy:
Is called a secondary consumer
May be a carnivore or a omnivore
May be a predator
May be a scavenger
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19. A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer:
Is called a tertiary consumer
May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger

20. Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers

21. The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.

22. A lot of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer.
**10% rule – only 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next
level.

23. More Food Chains

24. Food Webs: Are interconnected food chains
They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

25. Food Chains Show Available Energy

26. Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID

27. Energy Pyramids Show
Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers
It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers
It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers

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Bozeman video on energy flow Everglade food chain
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31. How Many Chains are in this web? copyright cmassengale

32. Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:
Count the Food Chains!
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33. We can show what goes on with the help of a Food Web

34. What would happen if a disease killed off many of the hawks?

35. There will be nothing to eat the snakes, so their numbers will increase.

36. All the frogs get eaten

37. No frogs.
More crickets

38. Most of the cattail gets eaten by the crickets

39. Now the crickets don’t have enough food so their numbers go down

40. ..and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the numbers of the other species in the web.

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids).
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42. Symbiosis
Not all relationships among organisms involve food. Many organisms live together and share resources in other ways. Any close relationship between species is called symbiosis.

43. 3 Types of Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism

44. Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

45. Mutualism Examples: Cowbirds and Large Animals
Termites and Trichonympha
Bees and Flowers

46. Cowbirds and Large Animals
The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from have the parasites removed from them. The birds can also warn them of danger.

47. Termites and Trichonympha
You probably think termites eat wood; they do – in a way. Termites can’t digest cellulose, which is the main component of wood. Therefore, they get help from a protozoan called trichonympha. This protozoan lives in the gut of the termite. It breaks down the cellulose for the termite. The trichonympha gets a free meal and shelter; the termite is able to eat and receive nutrients from the wood.

48. Termite and Trichonympha

49. Termite and Trichonympha

50. Termite and Trichonympha

51. Termite and Trichonympha

52. Trichonympha

53. Trichonympha

54. Bees and Pollen
Bees receive nectar from the flowers in order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate it by dusting the pollen on the flowers stamen.

55. Commensalism
Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. A + 0 relationship

56. Commensalism
Examples:
Clown fish and sea anemones
Shark and remora

57. Clown Fish and Sea Anemones
The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the sea anemone gets nothing.

58. Shark and Remora
The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets nothing.

60. Parasitism
Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed. A + - relationship.

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There are two types of parasites:
Endoparasites live on the inside of the host.
Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host.
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62. Parasitism
Examples:
Tapeworm and Humans
Cuckoo bird and warbler
Ticks

63. Tapeworm and Humans

64. Tapeworms and Humans

65. Tapeworms and Humans

66. Tapeworms and Humans

67. Cuckoo and Warbler

68. Cuckoo birds and warblers

69. Cuckoo and Warbler

70. Cuckoo and Warbler

71. Ticks

72. Tick

73. Even Athletes foot is a parasite

74. Parasitism

75. Parasitism

76. Symbiosis

77. What is ecological
succession?

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.
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This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.
Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance.
At other times, changes occur gradually.
There are two types: primary and secondary.
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Primary Succession
On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt.
The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.
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The first organisms are always plants!! Autotrophs that make their own food
Then small animals (bugs) come in. Then larger plants, then larger animals.
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In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.
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83. The first organisms to appear are lichens.
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84. Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil
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Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.
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Secondary Succession
All or part of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires.
When the disturbance is over, community interactions that replace the ecosystem to its original condition are called secondary succession.(Think of this as a replacement community.)
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Mount St. Helens
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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.
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