1. Unit 6: Sustaining Biodiversity
January 8, 2012
AP Environmental Science
Mr. Plowman

2. LT 6A: Discuss the role human activities play in extinction.
Biological extinction: a species has disappeared from the earth.
Background extinction is an historic, continuous, low level of extinction.
Extinction rate is the percentage or number of species that go extinct each year.
Mass extinction is the loss of many species in a short period of time.

3. LT 6A: Discuss the role human activities play in extinction.
Human activities increase the pace of extinction.
Current rate is 100—1,000 times the background rate (0.01–.1% per year).
Predictions hold that this will rise to 10,000 times that background rate during this century.
Under this scenario ¼ to ½ of all species will be extinct by the end of the century.

4. LT 6A: Discuss the role human activities play in extinction.
Why should we care about the rising rate of species extinction?
four reasons we should prevent our activities from causing extinctions.
Species are a vital part of earth’s life support system.
Species support our economy (materials, medicines, ecotourism).
It will take millions of years for natural speciation to rebuild biodiversity.
Species have a right to exist, regardless of their usefulness.

5. LT 6A: Discuss the role human activities play in extinction.
There are several causes of depletion and premature extinction of wild plants and animals. The acronym HIPPCO describes these causes.
Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation*
Invasive species
Population growth and increasing use of resources
Pollution
Climate change
Overexploitation
* Habitat destruction, degradation and fragmentation is greatest threat

6. LT 6B: Describe the significance of the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Initiated in 1973 and amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988
Designed to identify and protect endangered species in the US and abroad
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) are the agencies responsible for identifying and listing endangered and threatened species
List MUST be based on biological factors alone, without consideration of economic or political factors

7. LT 6B: Describe the significance of the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Once a species is identified as endangered/threatened the act does the following:
Forbids federal agencies (except department of defense) to carry out, fund, or authorize projects that would jeopardize species or their habitats
Makes it illegal for Americans to:
Sell or buy any product made from such species
Hunt, kill, collect or injure such species
Protects an additional 573 species from other countries

8. LT 6B: Describe the significance of the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Between 1973 and 2010 the number of US species on the list increased from 92 to more than 1370
In % of the species on the listed were covered by active recovery plans
In 1982 amended to give private landowners incentives to help save endangered/threatened species

9. LT 6C: Identify and describe the major threats to forest ecosystems and discuss possible solutions for sustainability
Two types of natural forests
Old-growth: not seriously disturbed by humans
Second-growth: resulting from secondary ecological succession; affected by human activities
Forests provided important economic and ecological services
Support energy flow and chemical cycling
Reduce soil erosion
Purify water and air

10. LT 6C: Identify and describe the major threats to forest ecosystems and discuss possible solutions for sustainability
Major threats to forest ecosystems:
Unsustainable logging
Fire
Insects
Climate change
Deforestation

11. LT 6D: Identify and describe the major threats to grasslands, parks and nature reserves..
Major threat to grassland is overgrazing
Can be more sustainable by controlling the number of animals
Major threat to US Parks is popularity
Between 1960 and 2008 the number of visitors more than tripled
Major threat to nature reserves is economic development
Developers and resource extractors oppose protecting undisturbed ecosystems

12. LT 6E: Illustrate how we can help sustain terrestrial biodiversity using the ecosystem approach
Focus on protecting and sustaining ecosystems and on the biodiversity contained within them by employing the following four-point plan:
Map the world’s terrestrial ecosystems and create an inventory of the species and natural services in them
Locate and protect most endangered ecosystems and species
Seek to restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible
Make development biodiversity-friendly by providing incentives

13. LT 6E: Illustrate how we can help sustain terrestrial biodiversity using the ecosystem approach
Ecological services
Economic services
Support energy flow and chemical cycling
Reduce soil erosion
Purify water and air
Influence local and regional climate
Store atmospheric carbon
Provide numerous wildlife habitat
Fuelwood
Lumber
Pulp to make paper
Mining
Livestock grazing
Recreation
Jobs

14. LT 6F: Identify and describe the major threats to aquatic biodiversity….
Three general patterns related to marine biodiversity
Greatest marine biodiversity occurs in the coral reefs, estuaries and on the deep-ocean floor
Biodiversity is higher near the coasts than in the open sea because of the greater variety or producers
Biodiversity is generally higher in the bottom region of the ocean than in the surface because of the greater variety of habitats and food sources on the ocean bottom

15. LT 6F: Identify and describe the major threats to aquatic biodiversity….
HIPPCO
Habitat loss and degradation*
Introduction of invasive species
Population growth
Pollution
Climate change
Overfishing and extinction
* Greatest threat is habitat loss and degradation

16. LT 6F: Identify and describe the major threats to aquatic biodiversity….
Protecting marine biodiversity is difficult because:
Human ecological footprint and fishprint are expanding rapidly so it is difficult to monitor
Much of the damage is not visible to most people
Incorrectly viewed as inexhaustible resources that can absorb an infinite amount of waste and pollution
Most of the world’s ocean area lie outside the legal jurisdiction of any country

17. LT 6G: Identify and describe major threats to … fishing and wetlands…
Steps to protect and sustain marine fisheries:
Estimate and monitor fish populations
Regulate fish harvests
Stop offering subsidies than can encourage overfishing
Consumer choices to demand sustainable seafood: know how and where the fish was caught

18. LT 6G: Identify and describe major threats to … fishing and wetlands…
Are important reservoirs of aquatic biodiversity
Provide vital ecological and economic services
Have been drained, filled in or covered over to:
Create rice fields or other cropland
Accommodate expanding cities and suburbs
Build roads
Have been destroyed in order to extract minerals, oil and natural gas and to eliminate breeding grounds for insects
Will most likely become submerged because of rise in sea levels

19. LT 6H: Discuss priorities for sustaining aquatic biodiversity
Ecosystem approach:
Complete mapping of the world’s aquatic biodiversity
Identify and preserve world’s aquatic biodiversity hotspots
Create large and fully protected marine reserves
Protect and restore the world’s lake and river systems
Initiate ecological restoration projects worldwide in systems such as coral reefs and inland and coastal wetlands
Find ways to raise the incomes of people who live in or near protected lands and waters so that they can become partners in protecting and sustaining aquatic ecosystems
Hotspot: area rich in plant species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction. Such areas suffer serious ecological disruption, mostly because of rapid human population growth and the resulting pressure on natural resources.