1. Matter and Change

2. Question: What connects Physical Science & Biology?
The sciences were once divided into 2 broad categories:
Consider the world around you. What can you think of that is not made from a chemical?
Chemistry:
All Things
Physical Science: Nonliving Things
Biology:
Living Things

3. Chemistry: The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.
Instruments are often used in chemistry to extend our ability to better answer all of these questions,

4. Types of Research ?What is the difference in science and technology?
Basic Research-is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge.
Discovery of Teflon-Roy Plunkett discovered Teflon by being curious as to why an empty gas cylinder had a mass greater than it should have.
Applied Research-is generally carried out to solve a problem.
When it was discovered that refrigerant was harming the ozone layer chemists created new refrigerants that did not harm the ozone layer.
Technological Development-involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life
Later on the discovery of Teflon was used to create nonstick cookware.
Technological application often lags far behind the discoveries that are used in technologies.
?What is the difference in science and technology?
Technology is using Science to improve everyday life.

5. Basic Building Blocks
Matter-anything that has mass and takes up space.
• List 3 examples of Matter
•List 3 examples of Non-Matter
Atom-the smallest unit of an element that maintains the identity of that element.
Element-a pure substance that cannot be broken down, made of one type of atom. Ex-Fe, Mn, O
Compound-a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded. Ex-H2O, CO2, NaCl
Mass-measure of the amount of matter
Volume-Amount of 3 dimensional space and object occpies.
General properties of ALL matter

6. Physical Properties and Physical Changes
Physical Property-a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.
Ex-Melting point & boiling point (water-Melts at 0̊ C or Boils at 100°C), Color, odor, hardness, density, volume
Physical Change-A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
Grinding, cutting, melting, boiling…
Change of State-A physical change of a substance from one state to another.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

7. -Has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.
-Expands to fill any size container.
Gas
At 100°C, water becomes water vapor, a gas. Molecules can move randomly over large distances.
Below 0°C, water solidifies to become ice. In the solid state, water molecules are held together in a rigid structure.
Definite Volume and definite shape
Solid
Liquid
Question: What happens to a container that has been filled with water and then placed in the freezer and allowed to freeze? What in this diagram would explain why that happens?
Between 0°C and 100 °C, water is a liquid. In the liquid state, water molecules are close together, but can move about freely.
-Definite Volume but has an indefinite shape.
-Takes the shape of the container

8. Plasma-The Fourth State
Plasma is like the gaseous state due to it does not have a definite shape or volume.
Unlike all other gaseous states-Plasma is a high-temperature state in which atoms lose most of their electrons-atoms are ionized

9. Properties and Changes in Matter
All Properties are either Intensive or Extensive
Intensive
-Does not depend on the amount of matter.
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Density
Conductibility
Extensive
-Depends on the amount of matter.
Volume
Mass
Amount of energy in the substance

10. Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
Chemical properties- describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances.
Ability to burn
Ability to rust
Ability to Decompose
Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction (Rx)-A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.
Different substances with different physical and chemical properties are formed
The original substances are called Reactants
The resulting substances are called Products

11. 4 Ways to Recognize a Chemical Change
(energy)Light or heat is given off
formation of a precipitate
production of a gas

12. Mercury(II) oxide  mercury + Oxygen
color change
Note that the energy it takes to decompose the MercuryOxide is not lost but rather transformed into a different form. Perhaps by forming bonds or exciting electrons –Law of conservation of Energy
Mercury(II) oxide  mercury + Oxygen
OR HgO 2Hg + O2

13. Physical and Chemical Property Review
Pick any Object In the school and write it down on a clean sheet of paper.(make sure it’s appropriate)
Exchange your paper with another student
Write down 3 Physical Properties of the item on your paper
Label each physical property as with intensive or extensive
Write down 3 Chemical properties of the item on your paper
Label each chemical Property as intensive or extensive

14. Classification of Matter
All matter can be classified as either a Mixture or a Pure Substance.
Mixture-a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Each component retains its own identity and properties.
A mixture’s overall properties are determined by how much of each substance is in the mixture.
A mixture can be either Heterogeneous or Homogeneous.

15. Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures- uniform in composition. Cannot tell the different components of the mixture by looking at it.
Also called solutions
Can be separated due to its physical properties
using (distillation, evaporation, sometimes centrifugation, etc.)
Copper II Sulfate
Stainless Steel is a
Mixture of Metals-
-Iron (Fe)
-Chromium (Cr)
-Nickel (Ni)
Argon, nitrogen, and (water vapor)

16. Distillation: -separate dissolved solids from a liquid -uses boiling and condensation.

17. Distillation of Crude Oil

18. Types of Mixture (Heterogeneous)
Heterogeneous Mixtures- not uniform throughout. You can tell there are different components with the naked eye.
Can be separated due to physical properties such as: density, polarity, metallic properties
Means of separation: decantation, filtration, magnet, centrifugation, paper chromatography, Tweezers.
Decantation
Magnet
Tweezers

19. Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Paper Chomatography

20. Pure Substance Pure Substances are classified as either
Pure Substance- has a fixed composition and cannot be separated without changing what it is.
Every Sample of a pure substance has the same characteristic physical and chemical properties.
A pure substances properties are so specific that they can be used to identify the substance. Example- Water H2O
Same freezing Point, Boiling Point, Density
Pure Substances are classified as either
Elements or Compounds
All Pure Water Freezes at 0̊ C
All Pure Water boils at 100̊ C
All Pure Water has a density of 1 g/cm3

21. Pure Substance Con’t
Elements- cannot be broken down without losing the identity of the substance.
Bromine molecule, Br2
Copper atom, Cu

22. Pure substance con’t Carbon dioxide Molecule, CO2
Compound- can be decomposed or separated into simpler compounds or elements by chemical means only (ex-Electrolysis).
Represented by a Chemical Formula (Ex-Water H2O, Salt NaCl)
Always Combined in Fixed Proportions or Composition
Carbon dioxide
Molecule, CO2

23. Electrolysis of a compound
Oxygen
molecule, O2
Hydrogen
molecule, H2
Water
Molecule, H2O

24. Is the composition uniform?
Matter
Can it be separated?
Yes No
Mixtures
Pure Substances
Can it be decomposed by ordinary chemical means?
Is the composition uniform?
Yes No No
Yes
Homogeneous Mixture (air, sugar water, stainless steel)
Heterogeneous Mixture (granite, wood, blood)
Compounds (water, sodium chloride, sucrose)
Elements
(gold, aluminum, oxygen, chlorine)