1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia
The
Industrial
Revolution
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

2. Causes & Protoindustrialization
What were the political, social and economic causes of the Industrial Revolution? (Make sure you look up through page 8 before you describe them)
How did the Cottage Industry benefit peasants and younger people?
What are the political, social and economic reasons why Britain industrializes first?

3. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

4. Textile Factory Workers in England

5. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

6. 1850 England: The Statistics
Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal
Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron
Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth
GNP rose between 1801 and %
Per capita income increased almost 100% between 1801 and 1851

7. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

8. Continental
Industrialization

9. Continental Industrialization
Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all?
Napoleonic wars hindered their growth
They lacked the capital and/or natural resources
Shortage of factory workers
Governments did not help to foster a growing middle class

10. Continental Industrialization
After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up to Britain
They borrowed British technology, hired British engineers and gained British capital
Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their revolution in the 1820’s
Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business – stockholders corporations etc.
France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build railroads all over France and Europe
Germany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’s
Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near the end of the 19th century
Why?

11. Continental Industrialization
Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a monopoly over technical advances
Tariff policies were used to protect native industries on the continent
France raised tariffs on many British exports
Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which established a free trade One among member states but a large tariff was levied on foreign imports

12. Industrialization By 1850

13. Railroads on the Continent

14. Social Implications New Social Order Golden Age of the Middle Class
New class of factory owners called the bourgeoisie
Upper bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs
Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government

15. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

16. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

17. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

18. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

19. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

20. Social Implications
Certain ethnic and religious groups became successful
Quakers and Scots in England
Protestants and Jews dominated banking in Catholic France
As factories grew larger, opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed industries
Capital intensive industry made it harder for skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturers
Formal education thus became more important as a means of social advancement (but the cost was often too much for the lower classes)

21. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

22. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

23. Industrial Staffordshire

24. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman

25. The New Industrial City

26. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

27. Worker Housing in Manchester

28. Factory Workers at Home

29. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

30. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

31. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

32. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

33. Child Labor
Abandoned children became a main source of labor from local parishes and orphanages
Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave owners
Work hours were very long and conditions were appalling
Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etc
It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution matured
Children and their parents worked 12 hour days

34. Child Labor Parliament sought to end child labor
The Saddler Commission investigated working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories
Factory Act of 1833
Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a day
Limited hours ages to 12 hours
Prohibited hiring children under age 9; children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required to establish
Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working together
Employment of children declined rapidly
Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 from working underground

35. Protests /
Reformers

36. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

37. The Luddite Triangle

38. The Luddites

39. The Neo-Luddites Today

40. Union Movement
Certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat by business owners
Combination Acts (1799)
Parliament prohibited labor unions
Reaction to fear of radicalism in the French Revolution
Widely disregarded by workers
Repealed in 1824 and unions became more tolerated after 1825

41. Union Movement
Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Lanark factory became a model socialist/utopian city
His unionization efforts failed and British labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions

42. The Chartists Sought political democracy
Demanded universal male suffrage
Key
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

43. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

44. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

45. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

46. Social Effects of Industrialization
Urbanization
Largest population transfer in human history
Birth of factory towns and industrial centers such as Manchester
Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19th century’s great social and political dilemmas
Family structure and gender roles within the family were altered
Productive work was taken out of the home
As factory wages increased for adult males, women and children were separated from the work place

47. Social Effects of Industrialization
Gender-determined roles at home and domestic life changed slowly
Married women came to be associated with domestic duties while men tended to be the sole wage earner
Women were now expected to create a nurturing environment to which the family members returned after work
Married women worked outside the home only when family needs, illness or death of a spouse required them to do so
Single women and widows had much work available but that work commanded low wages and low skills and provided no way to protect themselves from exploitation

48. Effects in Ireland
Irish workers increasingly came to Great Britain to become urban workers
Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditions
Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Ireland

49. Irish Potato Famine
Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human tragedy like in Ireland
Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not improve agriculture
Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics
In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe
Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest ensued

50. Irish Potato Famine Result of the Great Famine
At least 1.5 million people died or went unborn
1 million fled Ireland between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 1840 and 1855
Most went to the US or Britain
By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million in 1845
British government response inadequate

51. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein