1. Matter and How It Changes

2. What is matter?
List as many types of matter as you can in the space below.

3. Matter Matter = anything that has mass and takes up space
All matter is made up of atoms

4. Physical Properties of Matter
Physical Property = something that describes a substance by itself and can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.

5. Physical Property: Mass
Mass = the amount of matter something has
Can be measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)
Does not depend on gravity like weight does

6. Physical Property: Volume
Volume = the amount of space something takes up
Can be measured in liters (L), milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cm3)
In the US, volume is measured in cups, pints, gallons, etc.

7. Physical Property: Density
Density = the amount of mass something has in relation to its volume
Can be measured in
Grams per liter (g/L)
Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
Grams per milliliter (g/mL)

8. Density
A substance will float in another substance if it is less dense than that substance
A substance will sink in another substance if it is more dense than that substance

9. Physical Changes
Physical change = when one or more physical properties of a substance undergoes a change, but it does not become a different substance

10. Physical Properties Dissolving: Melting Boiling
Solubility = a measure of how much a substance will dissolve in a liquid
Melting
Boiling
Evaporating = turning from a liquid to a gas

11. Mixtures
Mixture = a combination of 2 or more substances that keep their original properties

12. Separating Mixtures Can be easy or difficult to do.
Can you think of a mixture that would be easy to separate?
Can you think of a mixture that would be difficult to separate?

13. Solutions
Solution = a mixture in which all the substances are evenly distributed
A solution results when a solute dissolves in a solvent
Solute = gets dissolved
Solvent = does the dissolving

14. Solubility
Solubility = a measure of how much a substance will dissolve in a given solvent
Is salt soluble in water?
Yes or no
Is sand soluble in water?

15. Other solutions Soft drink = carbon dioxide dissolved in water
Gas dissolved in liquid
Lawn mower gas = gasoline dissolved in motor oil
Liquid dissolved in liquid
Alloys = metals dissolved in metals
Solid dissolved in solid

16. Alloy = mixture of metals
Brass = copper + zinc
Bronze = copper + tin
Pewter = tin + antimony + copper
Steel = iron + manganese + carbon
Stainless steel = steel + chromium + nickel

17. Other Mixtures
Suspension = a uniform mixture that contains particles that are large enough to be seen
mixing soil in water
At first, you will see bits of soil floating around in the water
After an hour, the soil will all be settled at the bottom
Suspensions don’t stay mixed

18. Other Mixtures
Colloid = a mixture that contains particles that are too small to see
A colloid is just like a suspension but because the particles are so small they don’t settle to the bottom
Milk is an example of a colloid – as long as it is refrigerated, it won’t separate

19. Other Mixtures Emulsion = a mixture of two liquids that don’t dissolve
Example = mayonnaise
Mayo is an emulsion of
Vegetable oil
Egg yolks
Vinegar
The vegetable oil and vinegar don’t mix

20. Chemical Change
Chemical change = a change in which one or more new substances are formed.
To find out if a chemical change has occurred, look at the substances chemical properties.
What is a chemical property?

21. Chemical Property
Chemical property = something that describes the ability of a substance to react with other materials and form new substances
Releases heat
Produces gas
Changes color
Produces a smell

22. Reactivity and Stability
Reactivity = the ability of a substance to go through a chemical change
Stability = the ability of a substance to resist going through a chemical change

23. Preventing chemical changes
Removing heat:
Putting food in the refrigerator to stop it from spoiling
Packaging food in cans
Developing photographs in a dark room

24. Acids Acid = a substance that turns blue litmus paper red Examples:
Lemon juice
Orange juice
Vinegar
Car battery acid
Lime juice

25. Bases Base = a substance that turns red litmus paper blue Examples:
Ammonia
Laundry detergent
Draino
Baking soda
Soap

26. Indicators
Indicator = something that indicates whether a substance is an acid or a base
Example: litmus paper

27. Strengths of acids and bases
Weak acids
Lemon juice
Vinegar
Strong acids
Battery acid
Stomach acid
Weak bases
Soap
Baking soda
Strong bases
Draino
Lye

28. pH scale
pH scale = a measure of the strength or weakness of acids or bases
Ranges from 0 – 14
0 – 6 = acid
8 – 14 = base
7 = neutral
0 = strongest acid
14 = strongest base

29. pH scale