1. Topic 1 – Qualitative testing.
Must list the cation tests.
Should describe the anion tests.
Could work out moles using the formula given.
Starter: How is a flame test performed?

2. Cations and Anions 1) What is an ion? (1)
When ionic compounds are dissolved into a solution they form cations and anions
2) What are cations? (1)
Cations (like metals ions) have a positive charge
3) What are anions? (1)
Anions (like non-metal groups) have negative charges

3. Tests for cations Describe the flame tests for Cu2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ (4)
Describe how to test for Al3+ using NaOH(aq) (3)
Describe how to test for Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ using NaOH(aq) add ionic equations. (6*)
Describe how to test for NH4+ ions. (4)

4. Remember! Metal ion Result of adding NaOH (aq) Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
Can you remember the colour of the precipitate formed for these metals?
REMEMBER: Common hydroxides are INSOLUBLE so they form precipitates
Metal ion
Result of adding NaOH (aq)
Cu2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Pale blue precipitate of Cu(OH)2
Dirty green precipitate of Fe(OH)2
Rusty brown precipitate of Fe(OH)3

5. Testing for anions Describe how to test for Chloride (Cl-) ions (3)
Using dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution…white ppt
Describe how to test for Sulphate (SO42-) ions (3)
Using dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride solution…white ppt
Describe how to test for Carbonate (CO32-) ions (3)
using dilute hydrochloric acid and bubbling through limewater…white ppt.

6. Testing for Cl- ions
Add SMALL amounts of silver nitrate solution to salts containing halogen ions that have been dissolved in dilute nitric acid.
Type of ion (dissolved in HNO3(aq))
Result of adding dilute silver nitrate
Cl-
White precipitate of silver chloride

7. Testing for sulphate ions SO42-(aq)
Add SMALL amounts of barium chloride solution to salts containing sulphate ions that have been dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid.
If sulphate ions are present, a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.

8. Testing for NH4+ (“ammonium ion”)
Add NaOH (aq)
Warm gently
Test gas given off with damp red litmus paper
Ammonia gas is given off which turns the damp red litmus paper BLUE
Does anyone know why the
litmus paper changes colour?

9. Testing for carbonate ions CO32-(aq)
Add dilute hydrochloric acid
See if it is effervescent
(fizzes due to carbon dioxide gas being given off)
Gas makes limewater milky.

10. Moles How many moles are there in 23 g of 23Na?
How many moles are there in 120 g of Calcium?
What is the mass of 2 moles of 238U?
What is the Mr of a substance where 1 mole has a mass of 11 g?

11. More moles. How many moles are there in 44g of CO2 ?
What is the mass of 2.5 moles of Na2O ?
What is mass of 2.34 moles of Platinum?
How many moles are there in 132g of CO2?