1. What I have to Learn Today
What factors brought about the Industrial Revolution?
2. Why was the Industrial Revolution a revolution?
3. How did the Industrial Revolution bring about an era of reform?

2. The Industrial Revolution

3. Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin?
Three Factors
Agricultural Revolution
Population Explosion
Energy Revolution

4. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Definition: Process of developing machine production of goods.
The Industrial Revolution was the great increase in production that began in England in the 18th Century.
The Industrial Revolution began with the Agricultural Revolution in Western Europe.

5. Factor #1 Agricultural Revolution
The Dutch built dikes to protect farmland from the sea and use animal fertilizer to improve soil
British farmers practiced a new method called crop rotation—planting a different crop in a different field each year, to produce more food . Jethro Tull invented the seed drill that made planting more efficient.

6. Factor #2 Population Explosion
The agricultural revolution helped to create a population explosion.
Since women ate better, they had healthier and stronger babies.
At the same time, medical care improved.
People lived longer lives.

8. Resources Needed for Industrialization
HOME 1
Resources Needed for Industrialization
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four natural resources needed for industrialization and how each resource is used.
Natural Resource
Use 1. 2. 3. 4.
Coal
Fuel new machines
Construct new machines, tools, buildings
Iron ore
Rivers
Inland transportation
Docking stations for merchant ships
Good harbors
continued . . .

9. Britain Leads the Way The Industrial Revolution began in Britain.
Britain had: coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks.
Britain also had all the factors of production—
land
labor (workers) and
capital (wealth) needed to produce goods.

10. Britain Leads the Way
During the early Industrial Revolution, iron and coal were very important.
Iron was needed to produce machines and steam engines.
Britain was the first to industrialize—the process of developing machine production of goods
The British began using coal, instead of wood, for fuel in the production of iron.

11. Britain Leads the Way
In Britain, the textile industry was the first to use inventions of the Industrial Revolution.
Earlier, families spun raw cotton into thread and then wove the thread into cloth at home.
By the 1700’s, new machines allowed people to make cloth much faster.
However, the machines were too large and expensive to be operated at home.
Instead spinners and weavers worked in long sheds that became the first factories
Early textile factory

12. Factor #3 Energy Revolutions
Business owners built factories—buildings where goods are made, near rivers because these machines needed water-power to run them.
Water wheel

13. Energy Revolutions
The invention of the steam engine in 1705, brought in a new source of power
The steam engine used fire to heat water and produce steam to drive engines.
English inventors used coal to power the steam engine.
Steam engines became the power source of the early Industrial Revolution.

14. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Dutch build dikes
British discover ways to produce more food, and invent seed drill
BETTER FOOD PRODUCTION
POPULATION EXPLOSION
People eat better
Women give birth to healthier babies
Better medical care slows death rate
MORE DEMANDS FOR GOODS
ENERGY REVOLUTION
Water wheels power new machines
Coal used to fuel steam engine
FASTER PRODUCTION OF GOODS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

15. Inventions Help Change Transportation
As steam engines were being used to run factories, at the same time steam power would change transportation.
Robert Fulton, an American invented the first steam driven boat.
The invention allowed people to send goods more quickly over rivers and canals.
Early Steam boat

16. Inventions Help Change Transportation
Starting in the 1820’s steam brought a new burst of industrial growth.
George Stephenson, a British engineer, set up the world’s first railroad line.
It used a steam-driven locomotive.
The railroad had a deep effect on industrial society, for instance, people could now travel throughout the country more quickly.
Locomotive

17. Inventions Help Change Business
The railroad boom helped business owners move their goods to market more quickly.
It created thousands of new jobs in several different industries. For instance:
Lumber
Railroads
Mining

18. Industrialization Change People’s Way of Life
Industrialization brought many changes:
More people could use coal to heat their homes, eat better food, and wear better clothing.
Urbanization—city building and the movement of people to cities.

19. Urbanization

20. Urbanization By the 1800’s, more and more people lived in cities.
Living conditions were unsanitary in crowded cities.
Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection.
Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in slums
London Slum

21. Working Conditions Working conditions were also bad.
The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week, for only a few cents an hour.
The work was boring, and the machines were dangerous.
Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents.
If workers were sick or injured, they lost their jobs.

22. Working Conditions
Children worked as hard as adults, for even lower wages.
Parents let their children work because the money children earned was needed to support their families.

23. HOME 2
Industrialization
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the social classes in industrial England, and list the types of laborers and professionals included in each group.
4. Working Class
3. Lower Middle Class
2. Upper Middle Class 1.
Upper Class
Landowners, aristocrats
Factory owners, merchants, government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers
Factory overseers, skilled workers
Workers in factories, mines
continued . . .

24. Industrialization Blessing or Curse?
POSITIVE EFFECTS
Factories created new jobs
More goods became available at a cheaper cost
Railroads made transportation available over longer distances
Middle class benefited the most
Opportunities for all classes of people increased.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Low pay
Overcrowded cities
Unsanitary living conditions caused social problems
Child labor
Unsafe working conditions

25. New Ways of Thinking THINKER IDEA Adam Smith Karl Marx
Capitalism (laissez faire) Argued that governments should not put limits on business—hands off. People invest money to make a profit.
Adam Smith
As long as the population increases, the poor suffer. Poor people should have fewer children
Thomas Malthus
Utilitarianism—The goal of society should be the happiness of its people
Jeremy Bentham
Government should help to improve the lives of the poor
John Stuart Mill
Scientific Socialism (Marxism)—History is a class struggle between the HAVES and HAVE-NOTS. Capitalism will eventually destroy itself and a classless society will develop.
Karl Marx

26. Economic arrangements central to society
HOME 4
An Age of Reforms
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Compare and contrast capitalism and Marxism.
Capitalism Only
Marxism Only
Both
Supported individual freedom; opposed government intervention; guided by profit motive; individual ownership of private property
Economic arrangements central to society
Factors of production owned by people; governmental control of factories, mines; predicted proletariat revolution
continued . . .

27. Into the 20th Century New Inventions Change the World

28. New Inventions Change the World

29. Nineteenth-Century Progress 4 4
HOME 4
Nineteenth-Century
Progress
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
1. List the inventors, scientists, and thinkers covered in this section, and connect them with the invention, discovery, or new idea for which they were responsible.
Gregor Mendel, genetics
Thomas Edison, light bulb
Joseph Lister, antiseptic
Edwin S. Porter, feature film
Charles Darwin, theory of evolution
Henry Ford, assembly line
People and Progress
Ernest Rutherford, subatomic particles
Alexander Graham Bell, telephone
Marie and Pierre Curie, radium & polonium
Wilbur and Orville Wright, airplane
Guglielmo Marconi, radio
Ivan Pavlov, conditioned response
John Dalton, atomic theory
Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis
Louis Pasteur, germ theory
Dmitri Mendeleev, periodic table
continued . . .

30. Industrial Revolution
Quiz
Industrial Revolution

31. Question #1 What was one way that the agricultural revolution contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
It triggered a population explosion
It tied peasants even more closely to the land.
It ended feudalism
D. It replaced strip farms

32. Question #2 The steam engine Animals The windmill The dynamo
Which of the following was the most important source of power for the early Industrial Revolution?
The steam engine
Animals
The windmill
The dynamo

33. Question #3 What natural resources gave Britain an advantage in the Industrial Revolution?
Water and forests
Wildlife and precious gems
Coal and iron
Stable government

34. Question #4 In what industry did the Industrial Revolution first take hold in Britain?
Textiles
Iron production
Agricultural
Transportation

35. Question #5 What invention made possible the growth of railroads?
The spinning jenny
The factory
The turnpike
The steam locomotive

36. Question #6 What was one reason that parents accepted child labor?
They didn’t care for their children
The law gave them no choice
The children were fed at work
They needed the additional money

37. Question #7 Which group benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution?
The working class
Farmers
The middle class
The nobility

38. Question #8 The assembly line was one new development that made
productions faster and cheaper
only cars
production slower
the Bessemer process possible

39. Question #9 One example that changed communications is
the electric light bulb
dynamite
the telephone
the Bessemer process

40. Question #10 The principles of Marxism come into direct conflict with
Utilitarianism
Capitalism
Communism
Socialism