1. Chapter 6
Work and Energy

2. Units of Chapter 6 Work Done by a Constant Force
Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
Potential Energy
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy

3. Units of Chapter 6
Other Forms of Energy; Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems
Power

4. So far: Motion analysis with forces.
NOW: An alternative analysis using the concepts of Work & Energy.
Work: Precisely defined in physics.
Describes what is accomplished by a force in moving an object through a distance.

5. 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
The work done by a constant force is defined as the distance moved multiplied by the component of the force in the direction of displacement:
(6-1)

6. W = Fd cosθ Simple special case: F & d are parallel: θ = 0, cosθ = 1
Example: d = 50 m, F = 30 N
W = (30N)(50m) = 1500 N m
Work units: Newton - meter = Joule
1 N m = 1 Joule = 1 J F θ d

7. 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
In the SI system, the units of work are joules:
As long as this person does not lift or lower the bag of groceries, he is doing no work on it. The force he exerts has no component in the direction of motion.
W = 0:
Could have d = 0  W = 0
Could have F  d
 θ = 90º, cosθ = 0
 W = 0

8. 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
Solving work problems:
Draw a free-body diagram.
Choose a coordinate system.
Apply Newton’s laws to determine any unknown forces.
Find the work done by a specific force.
To find the net work, either
find the net force and then find the work it does, or
find the work done by each force and add.

9. Example 6-1 W = F|| d = Fd cosθ
m = 50 kg, Fp = 100 N, Ffr = 50 N, θ = 37º
Wnet = WG + WN +WP + Wfr = 1200 J
Wnet = (Fnet)x x = (FP cos θ – Ffr)x = 1200 J

10. Example 6-1
ΣF =ma FH = mg WH = FH(d cosθ) = mgh FG = mg WG = FG(d cos(180-θ)) = -mgh Wnet = WH + WG = 0

11. 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
Work done by forces that oppose the direction of motion, such as friction, will be negative.
Centripetal forces do no work, as they are always perpendicular to the direction of motion.

12. 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
Energy was traditionally defined as the ability to do work. We now know that not all forces are able to do work; however, we are dealing in these chapters with mechanical energy, which does follow this definition.
Energy  The ability to do work
Kinetic Energy  The energy of motion
“Kinetic”  Greek word for motion
An object in motion has the ability to do work

13. 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
Consider an object moving in straight line. Starts at speed v1. Due to presence of a net force Fnet, accelerates (uniform) to speed v2, over distance d.

14. 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
Newton’s 2nd Law: Fnet= ma (1)
1d motion, constant a 
(v2)2 = (v1)2 + 2ad
 a = [(v2)2 - (v1)2]/(2d) (2)
Work done: Wnet = Fnetd (3)
Combine (1), (2), (3):
 Wnet = mad = md [(v2)2 - (v1)2]/(2d) OR
Wnet = (½)m(v2)2 – (½)m(v1)2

15. 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
If we write the acceleration in terms of the velocity and the distance, we find that the work done here is
We define the translational kinetic energy:
(6-2)
(6-3)

16. 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
This means that the work done is equal to the change in the kinetic energy:
(6-4)
If the net work is positive, the kinetic energy increases.
If the net work is negative, the kinetic energy decreases.

17. Net work on an object = Change in KE.
Wnet = KE
 The Work-Energy Principle
Note: Wnet = work done by the net (total) force.
Wnet is a scalar.
Wnet can be positive or negative (because KE can be both + & -)
Units are Joules for both work & KE.

18. 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
Because work and kinetic energy can be equated, they must have the same units: kinetic energy is measured in joules.
Work done on hammer:
Wh = KEh = -Fd
= 0 – (½)mh(vh)2
Work done on nail:
Wn = KEn = Fd
= (½)mn(vn)2 - 0

19. 6-4 Potential Energy
An object can have potential energy by virtue of its surroundings.
Familiar examples of potential energy:
A wound-up spring
A stretched elastic band
An object at some height above the ground

20. 6-4 Potential Energy
In raising a mass m to a height h, the work done by the external force is
We therefore define the gravitational potential energy:
(6-5a)
(6-6)
WG = -mg(y2 –y1)
= -(PE2 – PE1)
= -PE

21. 6-4 Potential Energy
Wext = PE
The Work done by an external force to move the object of mass m from point 1 to point 2 (without acceleration) is equal to the change in potential energy between positions 1 and 2
WG = -PE

22. 6-4 Potential Energy
This potential energy can become kinetic energy if the object is dropped.
Potential energy is a property of a system as a whole, not just of the object (because it depends on external forces).
If , where do we measure y from?
It turns out not to matter, as long as we are consistent about where we choose y = 0. Only changes in potential energy can be measured.

23. 6-4 Potential Energy
Potential energy can also be stored in a spring when it is compressed; the figure below shows potential energy yielding kinetic energy.

24. “Spring equation or Hook’s law”
6-4 Potential Energy
The force required to compress or stretch a spring is:
FP = kx
(6-8)
Restoring force
“Spring equation or Hook’s law”
where k is called the spring constant, and needs to be measured for each spring.

25. 6-4 Potential Energy
The force increases as the spring is stretched or compressed further (elastic) (not constant). We find that the potential energy of the compressed or stretched spring, measured from its equilibrium position, can be written:
(6-9)

26. 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Conservative Force  The work done by that force depends only on initial & final conditions & not on path taken between the initial & final positions of the mass.
 A PE CAN be defined for conservative forces
Non-Conservative Force  The work done by that force depends on the path taken between the initial & final positions of the mass.
 A PE CAN’T be defined for non-conservative forces
The most common example of a non-conservative force is FRICTION

27. 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
If friction is present, the work done depends not only on the starting and ending points, but also on the path taken. Friction is called a nonconservative force.

28. 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Potential energy can only be defined for conservative forces.

29. 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Therefore, we distinguish between the work done by conservative forces and the work done by nonconservative forces.
We find that the work done by nonconservative forces is equal to the total change in kinetic and potential energies:
Wnet = Wc + Wnc
Wnet = ΔKE = Wc + Wnc
Wnc = ΔKE - Wc = ΔKE – (– ΔPE)
(6-10)

30. 6-6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
If there are no nonconservative forces, the sum of the changes in the kinetic energy and in the potential energy is zero – the kinetic and potential energy changes are equal but opposite in sign.
KE + PE = 0
This allows us to define the total mechanical energy:
And its conservation:
(6-12b)

31. KE1 + PE1 = KE2 + PE2 0 + mgh = (½)mv2 + 0 v2 = 2gh  PE1 = mgh
The sum remains constant
 KE + PE = same
as at points 1 & 2
KE1 + PE1 = KE2 + PE2
0 + mgh = (½)mv2 + 0
v2 = 2gh
 PE2 = 0
KE2 = (½)mv2

32. 6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
In the image on the left, the total mechanical energy is:
The energy buckets (right) show how the energy moves from all potential to all kinetic.

33. 6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
If there is no friction, the speed of a roller coaster will depend only on its height compared to its starting point.

34. 6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
For an elastic force, conservation of energy tells us:
(6-14)

35. 6-8 Other Forms of Energy; Energy Transformations and the Conservation of Energy
Some other forms of energy:
Electric energy, nuclear energy, thermal energy, chemical energy.
Work is done when energy is transferred from one object to another.
Accounting for all forms of energy, we find that the total energy neither increases nor decreases. Energy as a whole is conserved.

36. 6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Processes; Solving Problems
If there is a nonconservative force such as friction, where do the kinetic and potential energies go?
They become heat; the actual temperature rise of the materials involved can be calculated.

37. 6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Processes; Solving Problems
We had, in general:
WNC = KE + PE
WNC = Work done by non-conservative forces
KE = Change in KE
PE = Change in PE (conservative forces)
Friction is a non-conservative force! So, if friction is present, we have (WNC  Wfr)
Wfr = Work done by friction
In moving through a distance d, force of friction Ffr does work Wfr = - Ffrd

38. When friction is present, we have:
Wfr = -Ffrd = KE + PE = KE2 – KE1 + PE2 – PE1
Also now, KE + PE  Constant!
Instead, KE1 + PE1+ Wfr = KE2+ PE2
OR: KE1 + PE1 - Ffrd = KE2+ PE2
For gravitational PE:
(½)m(v1)2 + mgy1 = (½)m(v2)2 + mgy2 + Ffrd
For elastic or spring PE:
(½)m(v1)2 + (½)k(x1)2 = (½)m(v2)2 + (½)k(x2)2 + Ffrd

39. 6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Processes; Solving Problems
Problem Solving:
Draw a picture.
Determine the system for which energy will be conserved.
Figure out what you are looking for, and decide on the initial and final positions.
Choose a logical reference frame.
Apply conservation of energy.
Solve.

40. 6-10 Power Power is the rate at which work is done –
(6-17)
In the SI system, the units of power are watts:
British units: Horsepower (hp). 1hp = 746 W
The difference between walking and running up these stairs is power – the change in gravitational potential energy is the same.

41. 6-10 Power
Power is also needed for acceleration and for moving against the force of gravity.
The average power can be written in terms of the force and the average velocity:
(6-17)

42. Part b) constant acceleration
Example 6-15
Part a) constant speed
a = 0 ∑Fx = 0
F – FR – mg sinθ = 0
F = FR + mg sinθ
F = 3100 N
P = Fv
= 91 hp
Part b) constant acceleration
Now, θ = 0
∑Fx = ma
F – FR= ma
v = v0 + at
a = 0.93 m/s2
F = ma + FR = 2000 N
P = Fv
= 82 hp

43. Summary of Chapter 6 Work: Kinetic energy is energy of motion:
Potential energy is energy associated with forces that depend on the position or configuration of objects.
The net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
If only conservative forces are acting, mechanical energy is conserved.
Power is the rate at which work is done.