1. Chapter 3
Neoplasms 1

2. Terminology Related to Neoplasms and Tumors
New growth
Tumor
Swelling or neoplasm
Leukemia
Malignant disease of bone marrow
Hematoma
Bruise or contusion 2

3. Classification of Neoplasms
Cancer
General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm
Classified according to:
Appearance and growth pattern
Type of body tissue from which they arise 3

4. Classification of Neoplasms4

5. Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns
Benign
Confined to local area
Do not spread
Commonly called tumors
Usually harmless 5

6. Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns
Malignant
Malignant means deadly
Spreads to other areas by
Invasion – spreading to surrounding tissue
Metastasis – spread to distant areas 6

7. Classification of Neoplasms Tissue of Origin
Benign
Tissue + oma ex. lipoma
Malignant
Carcinoma – epithelial or skin tissue
Sarcoma – connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat)
Lymphoma – lymphatic & blood
Other – brain 7

8. Benign and Malignant Neoplasm Growth
Benign tumors
Growth in particular area
But not invasive or metastatic
Encapsulated in capsule
Easier to excise
Limited growth potential
Malignant tumors
Excessive, without regulation
Without structure or function of normal cells
Surface area not encapsulated
Fast growing, outpace normal cells 8

9. Hyperplasias and Neoplasms
Similarities:
Mean overgrowth of cells
Causing increase in size of tissue
Produce masses identified as hyperplasia or neoplasm
Differences:
Cause
Extent of growth 9

10. Development of Malignant Neoplasm
Genetic mutation due to:
Radiation
Viruses
Carcinogens
Cancer-causing agents
Chemicals 10

11. Development of Malignant Neoplasm
Carcinoma in situ
Atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue
Have not invaded surrounding tissue
Invasion of precancerous cells
Final stage of cancer development 11

12. Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer
Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread
Lymph nodes filter cancer cells
Absence of lymph node involvement favorable
Making surgical cure possible
Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream 12

13. Grading and Staging of Cancer
Determines degree of abnormality
Staging
Considers degree of spread 13

14. Causes of Cancer For many cancers, cause is unknown
Carcinogenesis progresses slowly
May start, stop, or be reversed but usually is a continual progression
Prevention and cure frequently depend on finding initiating agents 14

15. Causes of Cancer Chemical carcinogens Hormones Radiation Viruses
Genetic predisposition 15

16. Causes of Cancer Personal risk behaviors Diet Sexual behavior
Alcohol use 16

17. Cancer Prevention Preventive measures: Do not smoke
Limit alcohol intake
Protect skin from excessive sun exposure
Refuse needless x-rays
Avoid heavily polluted air
Follow labels when using pesticides and chemicals
Maintain healthy body weight
Regular breast self-exams (women)
Exercise regularly 17

18. Cancer Prevention Preventive measures (continued)
Routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys
Regular checkups by a physician
Clinical breast examination for females
Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for females
Prostate examinations for males
Rectal examinations for males and females 18

19. Frequency of Cancer A leading cause of death in United States
Affects one in two males and one in three females
Affects people of all ages
Both male and female
Most common:
Basal and squamous cell skin cancer 19

20. Frequency of Cancer Most common (excluding skin cancer): Lung
Colon/Rectum
Breast
Prostate 20

21. Diagnosis of Cancer Warning Signs
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness 21

22. Diagnosis of Cancer Prognosis best if treated early
Routine screening is helpful
May be found accidentally
Once discovered, biopsy recommended 22

23. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
Pain
Obstruction
Hemorrhage
Anemia
Fracture
Infection
Cachexia 23

24. Treatment Options: Palliative Preventive Prevent pain and discomfort
But does not seek to cure disease
Preventive
Prevent disease from starting 24

25. Cancer Treatment
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Hormone Therapy 25