1. Lecture 2
Types of Loads By
Dr. Moustafa Zayed

2. Types of loads Dead loads Live loads
Dynamic loads (e.g., trains, equipment)
Wind loads
Earthquake loads
Thermal loads
Settlement loads

3. Dead Loads weight of the structure itself
floors, beams, roofs, decks, beams/stringers, superstructure
loads that are “always there”

4. Live Loads People, furniture, equipment
Loads that may move or change mass or weight
Minimum design loadings are usually specified in the building code

5. Load Example: Live Load in Ballroom
Live Load = 3 KN/m2

6. Dynamic Loads Moving loads (e.g. traffic) Impact loads Gusts of wind
Loads due to cycling machinery

7. Load Example: Dynamic Load
HVAC F t

8. Load Example: Water in a dam
 = density h
p = gh

9. Wind Loads

10. Wind Loads

11. Wind Loads

12. Earthquake Loads Structure loaded when base is shaken
Response of structure is dependent on the frequency of motion
When frequencies match with natural frequency of structure - resonance

13. Load Example: Earthquake Load
Base Motion

15. Settlement

16. Summary
Based on the type and location of the structure, the types of loads will be determined.
The design codes give values and equations to estimate these loads.
Different load combinations will be considered to calculate the critical one for each structural element.
Calculate the internal forces
Design