1. Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Lithification Deposition Transport Erosion
Weathering

2. Weathering Mechanical & Chemical Weathering
The sediments that make up sedimentary rocks are produced by:
Mechanical & Chemical Weathering

3. Mechanical Weathering

4. Chemical Weathering

5. Mineral Stability

6. Products of Weathering
Lithic (Rock) Fragments (granite, basalt, schist, etc.)
Dissolved Ions (Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, etc.)
Rust Minerals (Hematite, Goertite, etc.)
Clay Minerals (Bentonite, Montmorillonite, etc.)
Residual Minerals (Quartz, Orthoclase, Muscovite, etc.)

7. Erosion & Transport
Water
Wind
Ice
Gravity

8. Deposition

9. Lithification
Sediment
Rock

10. Cementation
Typical Cement:
Calcite
Quartz

11. Sedimentary Rocks Identification Note: Use the same terms to describe
sediments & sedimentary rocks.
Only difference is lithification!

12. Rock Identification is based on:
Composition What minerals make up the rock?
Texture What is the shape, size and orientation of the mineral grains that make up the rock? Major Difference: Crystalline vs. Clastic

13. Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Detrital Rocks
Chemical Rocks
vs.

14. Difference: Texture Detrital (Clastic Texture) vs
Difference: Texture Detrital (Clastic Texture) vs. Chemical (Crystalline Texture)

15. Detrital Rock Composition
Detrital Rocks
Lithic Fragments
Quartz
Clay Minerals
Fossil Fragments
Rust Minerals
Orthoclase
Muscovite / Biotite

16. Detrital Rock Texture Clastic Texture Grain Size Grain Sorting
Grain Rounding
Sediment Maturity

17. Grain Size
Gravel 2mm
Sand 1/16 mm
Mud - Silt 1/256 mm
Mud - Clay

18. Detrital Rock Names (Based Primarily on Grain Size)
Gravel Sized:
Conglomerate
Sand Sized: Sandstone
Mud Sized:
Mudstone
Siltstone
Shale

19. Sorting

20. Grain Roundness

21. Gravel Sized Detrital Rocks (Subdivided Based on Grain Roundness)
Conglomerate
Breccia

22. Maturity Immature Mature Well Sorted Poorly Sorted Well Rounded
All Quartz
Immature
Poorly Sorted
Angular grains
Mixed Composition including clay

23. Sandstones (Subdivided based on maturity)
Quartz Sandstone
Arkose (Sandstone)
Lithic Sandstone
Sandstones (Subdivided based on maturity)
Greywacke

24. Sandstones Under a Scope

25. Detrital Sedimentary Rock ID

26. Chemical Rock Texture
Crystalline Texture
Coarse
Fine

27. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks (Names based primarily on composition)
Calcite
Quartz (silica)
Halite
Gypsum
“Carbon” / Plant Remains
Basic Rock Name
Limestone
Chert
Rock Salt
Rock Gypsum
Peat or Coal

28. Chemical Rocks (Names based mainly on composition)
Crystalline
Limestone
Limestones
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk

29. Chemical Rocks (cont.)
Evaportites
Chert
Rock Salt
Rock
Gypsum
Coal

30. Chemical Sedimentary Rock ID

31. Sedimentary Rocks on Earth