1. Mikrobiologi Fak Peternakan
Disiapkan oleh
Prof Dr.drh.Pratiwi Ts, MS
7/5/2018
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2. Ragam mikrobiologi
Sub mikroscopis
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3. Bacteria The smallest cells Visible only with the aid of a microscope
The smallest bacteria: Chlamydia and Rickettsia micrometer
Larger bacteria: many microns in length
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4. I. The same microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
Koch’s Postulates:
Set of guidelines which provides a definite correlation between the pathogen and the associated disease it cause in it’s host
I. The same microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
II. The pathogen must be isolated and retrieved from the diseased host, grown in pure culture and identified
III. The same disease must be produced when the pathogen from pure culture is introduced into a healthy host
IV. The pathogen must be recovered from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism (?)
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6. Introduction: Microorganisms – several classes of living beings
Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all living cells can be divided into two groups: eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cell types - Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae
Prokaryotic cell types - bacteria & blue green algae
Dr Ekta Chourasia

7. SIZE OF BACTERIA Bacteria of medical importance
Unit for measurement : Micron or
micrometer,μm: 1μm=10-3mm
Size:
Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment.
Bacteria of medical importance
0.2 – 1.5 µm in diameter
3 – 5 µm in length
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8. Ukuran dan morphologi
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9. Methods Simple staining;
Microscope
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Darkfield Microscope
Phase Contrast Microscope
Fluorescence Microscope
Cofocal Microscope）
Staining Methods
Simple staining;
Differential staining ( Gram stain, Acid-fast stain),
Special staining( Negative stain, Spore stain, Flagella stain)
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10. Microscopic measurement
Cocci: sphere, 1μm
Bacilli: rods , μm in width -3 μm in length
Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and μm in width
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11. Structure of Bacteria Particular structures capsule flagella pili
spore
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12. Essential structures cell wall cell membrane Cytoplasm nuclear material
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13. Shape of Bacteria Cocci – spherical/ oval shaped major groups
Bacilli – rod shaped
Vibrios – comma shaped
Spirilla – rigid spiral forms
Spirochetes – flexible spiral forms
Actinomycetes – branching filamentous bacteria
Mycoplasmas – lack cell wall
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14. Arrangement of bacteria: Cocci
Coccus
Cocci in pair – Diplococcus
Tetrad – groups of four
Cocci in chain - Streptococci
Sarcina – groups of eight
Cocci in cluster - Staphylococci
Dr Ekta Chourasia

15. Bacterial shape Sperical (coccus) Rod-shaped Spiral
Spiral or spirillum
Helix or spirochete
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16. Bacterial arrangement
Diplococcus
Chains: streptococcus
Clusters: staphylococcus
Packets of eight:sarcina
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17. Other shapes of bacteria
Comma shaped
Spirilla
Spirochetes
Dr Ekta Chourasia

18. Arrangement of bacteria: Bacilli
Dr Ekta Chourasia

19. Shape Spherical: coccus (Staphyloccus)
Rod-shaped: bacillus (Escherichia)
Snakelike: spirillum (Treponema)
Branched filamentous (Nocardia and Actinomyces)
( Clusters: diplococcus (Neisseria)
chains (Streptococcus)
grapelike (Staphylococcus) )
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20. Anatomy of A Bacterial Cell
Outer layer – two components:
Rigid cell wall
Cytoplasmic (Cell/ Plasma) membrane – present beneath cell wall
Cytoplasm – cytoplasmic inclusions, ribosomes, mesosomes and nucleus
Additional structures – plasmid, slime layer, capsule, flagella, fimbriae (pili), spores
Dr Ekta Chourasia

21. Staining Simple Differential: Gram and Acid-fast stain
Gram-stain : cell wall
Acid fast stain : Mycobacterium
Negative stain : Indian ink (capsule)
Special staining
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22. 1884: Christian Gram: First publication for the Gram stain method)
Editor's note: I would like to testify that I have found the Gram method to be one of
the best and for many cases the best method which I have ever used for staining
Schizomycetes.
Gram +
Gram -
Cell wall
Cell (inner) membrane
Outer membrane
Ribosomes
Granule
Nucleoid
Cell membrane
Capsule
Flagellum
Pili
Gram, C Ueber die isolirte Farbung der Schizomyceten in SchnittÄund Trockenpraparaten. Fortschritte der Medicin, Vol. 2, pages
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23. Figure: 04-28
Caption:
Cell walls of Bacteria. (a,b) Schematic diagrams of gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls.
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24. Differential staining ( Gram stain, Acid-fast stain),
Staining Methods
Simple staining;
Differential staining ( Gram stain, Acid-fast stain),
Special staining( Negative stain, Spore stain, Flagella stain)
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25. Gram stain Two major classes of bacteria are distinguished:
Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria
Except:
Mycobacteria (waxy outer shell , distinguished by acid fast stain)
Mycoplasmas(no peptidoglycan)
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26. Figure: 04-04a-01
Caption:
The Gram stain. (a) Steps in the Gram stain procedure.
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27. Figure: 04-04a-02
Caption:
The Gram stain. (a) Steps in the Gram stain procedure.
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28. Bacterial growth curve
Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
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29. Figure: 06-01
Caption:
The general process of binary fission in a rod-shaped prokaryote. For simplicity, the nucleoid is depicted as a single circle in green.
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30. Figure: 06-08
Caption:
Typical growth curve for a bacterial population. See Sections 6.5 and 6.6 for a description of the counting methods employed.
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31. Bacterial growth Bacterial replication Two equivalent daughter cells
Binary fission
(Escherichia coli: 20 minutes
Mycobacterium much slower: 12-24h)
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32. 35 kinds of infectious diseases
class one: plague, cholera
class two: viral hepatitis, bacillary dysentery and intestinal amebiasis, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, AIDS, gonorrhea , avariosis, poliomyelitis, measles, pertussis, diphtheria, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, scarler fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, rabies, leptospirosis, brucellosis, anthrax, typhus, kala-azar,
epidemic encephalitis B, malaria, dengue fever,
lung tuberculosis, fetal tetanus
class three:schistosomiasis , filariasis, hydatid disease, leprosy , influenza, mumps, rubella, infectious dysentery, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
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33. Spores Resistant to harsh conditions
(loss of nutritional requirement, dessication, intense heat, radiation and attack by most enzymes and chemical agents)
6-8 hours
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34. Kinds of spores Endospore: Bacillus subtilis
Terminal endospore: Clostridium tetani
‘drumstick’
Subterminal: Clostridium botulinum
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35. Endospores (spores) Identification of Bacteria Pathogenesis Resistance
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36. Endospores (spores) Dormant cell Resistant to adverse conditions
- high temperatures
- organic solvents
Produced when starved
Contain calcium dipicolinate
DPA, Dipicolinic acid
Bacillus and Clostridium
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37. Figure: 04-62
Caption:
Formation of the endospore. Phase contrast photomicrographs are of cells of Clostridium pascui.
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38. Shape & position of bacterial spore
Oval central
Spherical central
Non bulging
Oval sub terminal
Oval sub terminal
Bulging
Oval terminal
Spherical terminal
Free spore
Dr Ekta Chourasia

39. Metabolism
Catabolism: substrate breakdown and conversation into usable energy
Anabolism: synthesis of cellular constituents (cell wall, proteins,fatty acids, nucleic acids
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40. Bacterial growth Bacterial replication Two equivalent daughter cells
Binary fission
(Escherichia coli: 20 minutes
Mycobacterium much slower: 12-24h)
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41. Figure: 01-04
Caption:
The machine and coding functions of the cell. In order for a cell to reproduce itself there must be an adequate supply of energy and precursors for the synthesis of new macromolecules, the genetic instructions must be replicated such that upon division each cell receives a copy, and genes must be expressed (the processes of transcription and translation) to form the proper amounts of necessary proteins and other macromolecules that will make up the new cell.
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