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NOT Copenhagen
David J. Sager
Downloadable from: sager.a2hosted.com
10/21/2017

2. Copyright © 2017, David J. Sager
Copyright © 2017, David J. Sager. Permission is hereby given for anyone to copy, reproduce, and distribute this work in its entirety or in part, for any purpose, provided that proper attribution to the author is included, and a reference to where the entire work may be obtained is included. If the entire work, including this copyright notice, is kept intact and unaltered, then this, in itself, constitutes such reference. Otherwise, the requirement for a reference may be satisfied by including a World Wide Web location or Internet Address from which the entire work may be downloaded.
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3. Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
The Widely Accepted and Taught View Since about 1930
Einstein very uncomfortable with it
Many Highly Regarded Physicists Unhappy with it
Steven Weinberg (Nobel Laureate)
Copenhagen Interpretation "is now widely felt to be unacceptable."

4. “Quantum Mechanics Model”
This Presentation
Alternative to the Copenhagen Interpretation
Emphasizes that
A Model is one thing
Reality is something else
NOT WIDELY ACCEPTED (yet)
Unconventional

5. Quantum Mechanics Model
Does NOT change calculations of familiar problems
Mostly, keep on doing what you are already doing
With very few exceptions

6. BIG FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE
In Copenhagen
Wave Function is a REAL PHYSICAL THING
“Commands Nature”
Anything that happens to Wave Function makes REAL PHYSICAL things happen
Nature Collapses the wave function “if anybody looks”
Nature inflicts this upon us
Wave Function of an Electron IS the Electron
Quantum Mechanics Model
Wave Function is Mathematical Object ONLY
Exists ONLY in our models
There is no “physical thing” in REALITY that is manifestation of Wave Function
Wave Function of Electron NOT ANYTHING LIKE the electron
A Model is one thing, Reality is something else!

7. Even if Wave Function is not a Physical “Thing”
There still is a Wave Function (in our model), computed the same way
PROBABILITIES of VALUES of Physical Parameters computed from the Wave Function
Just as you are doing it now
Keep on doing what you were doing

8. Development in Time UNDER PHYSICAL LAWS: Schrodinger’s Equation
For the Hamiltonian Operator, H: i (h/2π)(∂Ψ/∂t) = H Ψ
Schrodinger’s Equation
Hint: Things other than Physical Laws can change the Wave Function too!
It’s that word: PROBABILITY
IMPORTANT THEOREM
Each state propagates into the future independently.
Really easy to prove

9. “Probability” is a BIG and strange word. Let’s Play Poker!
Initially all players see the probabilities of the possible hands around the table the same.
As soon as I get a card say a King, my probabilities immediately change. My Wave Function Changes.
But only mine. Everybody else’s Wave Function is the same
By the time every player has gotten a card, every persons probability for every hand is different.
Everybody’s Wave Function for everything is different
There is physics of the cards and there is what each person knows or doesn’t know
They both contribute to the Wave Function and the PROBABILITIES!
Many different Wave Functions!! What are the consequences??

10. NOTHING!

11. SCHRODINGER’S CAT Cat in a Box out of sight Radioactive atom in Box
IF Mechanism detects radiation it KILLS Cat
Random, subject to Quantum Mechanics
AS TOLD IN COPENHAGEN …
Wave Function becomes mixture of Alive & Dead CAT (outrageous)
If anybody looks in the box… Wave Function INSTANTLY Collapses!!
This is taken Seriously as a Real Physical Thing!!
Wave Function Commands Nature. There are big, serious consequences
People STILL arguing about exactly what triggers this miraculous instantaneous change and by what mechanism it can happen.
Half a Century later!

12. CAT In QUANTUM MECHANICS MODEL
The Wave Function is a Mathematical Object that exists only in our Models
There is NO Physical Manifestation of the Wave Function
Wave Function is used to record and compute PROBABILITIES
Probabilities are PARTLY due to Physics.
Probabilities are Often, even MORE, the result of what we Don’t Know
Nature Cannot Collapse the Wave Function
We CAN, if we Want To!
Our Wave Function Certainly CANNOT “Command Nature”
Nature does NOT CARE what we do with our Wave Function
Look in Box
OPTIONALLY, you can zero the probability for the way nature did NOT go, in your wave function to make use of your new information.
Others, who did not see, still use their old Wave Function (50-50 Alive & Dead).
When they see, if they zero the probabilities for the wrong way, WE WILL ALL BE SAME!
Your look in the Box did ABSOLUTELY NOTHING physically

13. SCHRODINGER’S CAT Wave Function has a Real PHYSICAL Manifestation
Big Trouble for more than 80 years
No Physical Manifestation of Wave Function
Everything Normal
Nothing Remarkable
In fact, absolutely nothing interesting here
Much more about this in the Paper
More interesting things to get to here …

14. The STATIC UNIVERSE MODEL
No Widely accepted model or theory UNDERNEATH Quantum Mechanics
The Static Universe Model
Model of how nature makes Quantum Mechanics work (and some other things work) UNDERNEATH Quantum Mechanics
Simple Minded
NOT widely accepted
Useful

15. General Relativity This is NOT the way nature sees the Universe
Paradox
Hypothesized: Possible to travel back in time
I go back in time and kill myself before I went back in time
Answer!
This is NOT the way nature sees the Universe …

16. The Static Universe Model
The whole universe is a STUPENDOUS collection of complete Trajectories through Space-Time.
Absolutely STATIC
We see a moving particle – nature sees a line through Space-Time
No such thing as “moving”
All movement is already represented in the tajectories through Space-Time
The Universe and Everything in it just “IS”
“Trajectory” is to mean NOT just the XYZ for each T, but ALL Physical Parameters, for example: internal angular momentum, and everything else.
I have to call it something, so I call it a “Trajectory” but not to imply it is only XYZT.

17. + TIME
Interaction
- X
Alive
+ X
Interaction
- TIME

18. Classical vs Quantum Mechanics
Classical Mechanics
Given Initial Conditions (whole Universe) and laws of physics, a particle has only 1 possible Trajectory through Space Time
Quantum Mechanics Model
Given Initial Conditions (whole Universe) and laws of physics, a particle has multiple, perhaps very many possible Trajectories through Space Time
Nature has selected ONE of the many possible Trajectories to be the real one
The set of selected trajectories is the REALITY that nature delivers to us.
In any individual case, nature does not tell us, in advance, what its choice was. But nature is statistically predictable.
The Wave Function is our model of the multiple choices from which nature has selected a trajectory and statistically how it would choose.

19. Static Universe, Quantum Mechanics Model
Nature Choosing a Trajectory from many possible Trajectories
Nature looks at the possible Trajectories
NOT only as the Pool from which to pick
The existence or non existence of Trajectories that nature does NOT pick influences the choice that nature makes (interference and diffraction).
Nature considers other Trajectories for other particles
Beam of particles with many possible trajectories
Nature does not make the same choice for all the particles!
Since it is a static universe, nature sees the complete story of every particle in the universe and all possible choices it could make
Nature could be influenced by anything
Our Physics does pretty well at modeling what DOES influence nature.
This is what Physics is about.

20. Repeated Measurement As told in Copenhagen
First measurement is “indefinite”. Probabilistic result. Result is p.
First measurement causes INSTANT COLLAPSE OF WAVE FUNCTION to eigen function with p as eigen value
The Wave Function is a Real Physical Thing that Commands Nature
There are potentially huge consequences of this
Hence forth, measurements will get p for sure

21. Repeated Measurement
In Quantum Mechanics Model with Static Universe Model
Nature has chosen all the Trajectories (probabilistic).
Having made the choices, now nature is ABSOLUTELY DEFINITE (NOT probabilistic).
Result of first measurement probabilistic TO US, ONLY because WE don’t know what nature chose.
After first measurement, now we know.
OPTIONALLY, in our Wave Function, we can zero probabilities of things we now know are not what nature chose.
Nature DOES NOT CARE what we do with our Wave Function.
Measuring the same thing over and over gives the same answer BECAUSE we are measuring the TRUE Trajectory that nature chose over and over.
This is DEAD SIMPLE! Why make it so hard (Copenhagen)??

22. Alternating Measurements
Angular momentum about X axis is “Conjugate” to Angular momentum about Y axis
If you are in definite state for one, you know nothing about the other
Stern-Gerlach Experiments with a beam of spin ½ atoms.
Beam (random spin up and spin down) select only spin up (no spin down).
For each atom, nature must choose spin up or spin down
Physics says spin up is a 50% - 50% mixture of spin left and spin right
Then select only spin left
For each atom, nature must choose spin left or spin right
Physics says spin left is a 50% - 50% mixture of spin up and spin down
Then separate into spin up and spin down
For each atom, nature must choose spin up or spin down – Spin down regenerated!
Nature resolves Indefinite Parameters by making choices.
Indefinite parameters exist to provide choice to nature!! Otherwise boring!

23. Double Slit Electrons fired at screen with 2 parallel slits
Electrons that get through the slits hit second screen
Records where each electron hits
Get classic Interference pattern.
Copenhagen: electron must go through both slits (but you can’t detect that!). The “Wave Function” IS the electron
Quantum Mechanics Model
There is NO state in state space with the electron in 2 places. The electron absolutely goes through 1 slit at most.
IN OUR MODEL Wave Function goes through both slits makes interference pattern (phenomenological model of nature choosing)
Nature chooses trajectory for each electron. Even if the electron goes through left slit, nature is influenced by the existence of right slit possible path.

24. Entanglement Spin 0 particle decays to 2 spin ½ particles.
Conservation of Angular Momentum: the particles MUST have opposite spin about ANY axis you wish!
Particles travel for miles in different directions. Then the spins are measured about some prearranged matching but random axis.
Experimental result: the spins are always opposite!
Copenhagen: Big problem
Requires much faster than speed of light communication over long distance!
No proposal for this communication. No communication ever detected.
Quantum Mechanics Model: No problem
Static Universe model: Can see the whole thing “at beginning of the universe”
Nature chooses trajectories for both particles
Nature is REALLY SERIOUS about Conservation of Angular Momentum!

25. Electromagnetic field from Beta Decay
In Copenhagen
A probability of the decay for days; electron could go in any direction
Wave Function spreads for miles in all directions for days.
Wave Function (essentially) IS the electron. Charge spreads for miles days before electron even exists!
Electromagnetic field is proportional to the electron probability
Weak electromagnetic field for miles in every direction days before the electron exists!
If this field gets detected, IT FORCES THE DECAY TO HAPPEN!
Wave Function and Electromagnetic field must BECOME CONSISTENT WITH THE ACTUAL ELECTRON PATH INSTANTLY!
Must NEVER have anything inconsistent detected
If the electron gets detected
Fallacy: tiny probability of strong field is NOT a weak field! It is a high probability of NOTHING.
Fundamentally, the Wave Function IS the electron does NOT work well.

26. Electromagnetic field from Beta Decay
Quantum Mechanics Model with Static Universe Model
Nature has decided: When and where the decay will happen, and the electron trajectory.
Decay happening is BINARY EVENT: has happened or not. NO DECAY “A LITTLE BIT”.
Before Decay: no electron anywhere, NO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ANYWHERE.
After Decay: normal expected electromagnetic field around the ACTUAL trajectory of the electron
Certainly no field in directions the electron did not go!!
BASICALLY: The Quantum Mechanics is in the many decay times and many electron trajectories from which nature will choose and the choices nature makes.
Once the CHOICES ARE MADE … things are pretty much classical!
Fundamentally very simple. Why make it so hard?!

27. Particle – Particle Interaction
Probability Density in SPACE – TIME of interaction of A and B =
Probability Density of A X Probability Density of B X interaction strength
Nature will choose IF, WHEN, WHERE there is an interaction and the Trajectories of the outgoing particles.
Interaction is BINARY event: Interaction happened or it did NOT.
Absolutely NO interaction “A LITTLE BIT”
“Probability is a strange word”
Probability Density of A (or B) presence could be mostly the result of what we don’t know, rather than physics.
Hence Probability Density of Interaction can be mostly result of what we don’t know
Probability Density of Interaction is just like all other probabilities
Can be highly dependent on What WE Know or Don’t Know!

28. Particle In a Box
R. A. Buckingham, in D. R. Bates, editor: Quantum Theory I. Elements, computed the momentum distribution of Particle in a BOX
Significant Momentum, in fact, UNBOUNDED momentum.
In my opinion …
More suggestive of particle rattling around inside its cage
Than of a cloud in shape of the Wave Function just sitting there.

29. Isolated Hydrogen Atom
R. A. Buckingham also finds very substantial momentum in the electron in the Ground (1s) State of the Hydrogen atom
We can be sure that there is at least radial momentum
Suppose the electron is a point particle (rather than a cloud in the shape of the Wave Function)
It is rattling about, at least radially
If it would stay on a radial, that would be very bad news.
I postulated that the electron WOULD stay on a radial and called that radial X=0. My humble calculations indicated substantial X momentum, in fact, unbounded.
The electron would not stay at X=0.
Not surprising: all particles in all circumstances do not stay at a fixed value of any one of the 3 dimensions of space.
A point electron would rattle around the proton (quite violently) in the ground state of Hydrogen.
In my opinion: more suggestive of point electron than of a cloud sitting there

30. The Photon Particle like any other EXCEPT 0 rest mass
Special Relativity gives it a mass proportional to its energy
Frequency determines Energy
MUST always travel at the speed of light
CANNOT gain or lose energy without disappearing
Generates no field (not like electron surrounded by Electromagnetic field)
INTERACTS WITH SOMETHING or IS COMPLETELY UNDETECTED
INTERACTS: Disappears and there are outgoing particles, possibly new Photons
Nature picks a Trajectory for it, the same as any other particle
Nature picks place, time of interaction, trajectories of outgoing particles, same as any other particle

31. ENDWORD From a Starting Point
CLASSICAL MECHANICS: Exactly 1 way forward – no choice
QUANTUM MECHANICS: Many ways forward – many choices required
Nature makes the choices to get to Exactly 1 way forward
Nature does not tell us, in advance, what choices it has made
Predicting the future is a betting game – probabilities
We have confused ourselves (Copenhagen) into believing that the Betting Game IS the Reality
NO! A Model is one thing and Reality is something else!