1. Confidence

2. Discuss with a partner…
What confidence is….
Why confidence is important in sport…..

3. Self-efficacy
The degree of self confidence experienced by a performer when placed in a specific situation. The perception or self belief in your own ability to cope with the demands of the situation

4. Create a sporting example:
Cricket – reaching the milestone of scoring 100 runs.
Losing wicket before reaching it – once reached it once, more confident in performance and able to reach it again

5. The individual performer’s level of self efficacy can affect the:
Choice of activity
Amount of effort applied
Level of persistence

6. Task: 11.02!!! Complete task 11.02 on page 175
We will then feedback as a class!

7. Group task:
In 4s, each learn a factor which contributes to the development of self efficacy.
Then teach each other
Class competition for the team which learns the most!

8. Self efficacy definition
Verbal persuasion
(example)
Past experiences
Emotional arousal
Emotional arousal
(example)
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion
Past experiences
(example)
Self efficacy definition
Vicarious experience
(example)

9. A performer who has developed success and enjoyment is more likely to develop high levels of confidence

10. If you have developed a particular technique in tennis which was successful, you will gain confidence and use it when appropriate

11. A performer who has watched others achieving the task will feel they can do so as well – particularly if they are if a similar ability

12. Tennis player watching one of their peers successful playing the shot is more likely to believe they can achieve success too

13. A performer who received encouragement about their ability, especially from significant others, will feel more confident about their actions.

14. The coach saying ‘’well done’’, or ‘’try to play the shot, but don’t worry if it doesn’t go in’’

15. A performer who is encouraged to perceive their physiological and psychological arousal before participation in a positive manner is more likely to develop high levels of self efficacy.

16. An increased heart rate and anxiety should be viewed positively – being ready to compete. View an increase in arousal as an opportunity to improve selective attention

17. The degree of self confidence experienced by a performer when placed in a specific situation.

18. (Bandura)Development of self efficacy:
Four factors contribute to development
1. Past experiences:
A performer who has developed success and enjoyment is more likely to develop high levels of confidence
A performer who has watched others achieving the task will feel they can do so as well – particularly if they are if a similar ability
2. Vicarious experiences:

19. 3. Verbal persuasion 4. Emotional arousal
A performer who received encouragement about their ability, especially from significant others, will feel more confident about their actions.
4. Emotional arousal
A performer who is encouraged to perceive their physiological and psychological arousal before participation in a positive manner is more likely to develop high levels of self efficacy.

20. Developing high levels of self-efficacy
Experience success
Avoid failure
Gradually increase task difficulty
Vicarious experience (watch others)
More effective if of a similar ability
Verbal encouragement
Stress management techniques
Set goals
Avoid social comparisons with performers
Use attributions correctly

21. The presence of others…..
Social facilitation: the influence of the presence of others on performance which has a positive effect
Social inhibition: negative influence on performance caused by the presence of others during performance
How can we link this to arousal? What dominant responses are likely to occur?

23. Zajonc’s model
Suggests as the level of arousal increases due to the presence of others, the dominant response is more likely to occur

24. Four categories of ‘others’
1. Audience
2. co-actors
3. competitive co-actors
4. social reinforcers
Which do you think has the most impact on you as a performer?

25. Evaluation apprehension
A sense of anxiety experienced by a performer, caused by the feeling that they are being judged by those in the audience

26. Factors affecting social facilitation
Trait anxiety levels
Personality of the performer
Previous experiences
Age and gender
Status of the observer
Size of the audience

27. Baron’s distraction conflict theory:
Must focus on task in hand
Distractions hinder performance
Task well learned – effect of audience is less
Performers need to try and ignore the distraction created by the crowd

28. Discuss the following statement:
‘home field advantage’ will always improve the performance of a home team
Try to come up with 3-4 point for both sides of the discussion

29. AGREE
Home support tends to improve performance
More matches won at home than away
Home teams tend to play attacking styles of play
Larger crowd – negative for opposition
Away team commit more fouls
Increased pressure from the home crowd
More important the game the greater the pressure
Players place more pressure on themselves at home matches – expectations
Social inhibition for the home team
Evaluation apprehension for some teams

30. Strategies for combating social inhibition
Develop use of mental rehearsal
Train with an audience
Improve selective attention
Reduce importance of the event
Increase self-efficacy

31. Exam question
Using Bandura's Model, explain the factors which may contribute to a performer’s level of self-efficacy and suggest strategies that can be used to develop high levels of self-efficacy.
[14 marks]

32. A. Explanation of self-efficacy – Level of self-confidence of a performer in a specific situation
B. Example of high or low self-efficacy in a sporting context
C. Past experiences/ performance accomplishments
D. success leads to high levels of confidence/failure reduces confidence
E. vicarious experiences/modelling
F. watching others perform a task increases level of confidence
G. verbal persuasion
H. encouragement from coach/significant other develops self-belief/ confidence
I. emotional arousal
J. optimal/correct level of physical/psychological arousal helps build confidence
Strategies (credit suitable examples)
K. Ensure success/make practices easier/modify practices/practice in familiar environment
L. Set goals
M. Performance goals better than outcome goals
N. Watch good quality demonstrations
O. Demonstrations more effective if model is of similar ability to performer
P. Praise/encouragement/positive feedback/positive reinforcement
Q. Avoid social comparisons/limit effects of social inhibition
R. Correct use of attributions/failure due to external unstable factors/ failure not due to internal stable factors(ability)
S. (Named stress management techniques) – breathing control/ self-talk/thought stopping/mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery/ biofeedback/progressive muscle relaxation
T. Give role of responsibility
U. Attribution retraining
V. One-to-one support
W. Improve fitness/improve skill
X. Watch recordings of personal previous successful experience