1. (History of theater and the development of theatrical art)
Actors and actresses
(History of theater and the development of theatrical art)

2. 1. History of the development of acting
1.History of the development of acting. Actor's art has continuously evolved. Until the beginning of the XX century in the actor's game, the stereotypes of characters and types prevailed. The revolution in acting was accomplished by the founder of the Moscow Art Theater, Stanislavsky. In addition to professional actors who have a professional acting education or have chosen this occupation as the main, there are non-professional actors. However, they can sometimes also become famous. To non-professional actors it is possible to carry actors-children. The first Russian professional actor is Fyodor Grigoryevich Volkov ( ). In 1988, the Guild of Soviet Film Actors was formed. In 1991, GASK was re-registered in the international public organization "The Guild of Russian Cinema Actors".

3. 2. Reincarnation. The basis of the actor's creativity is the principle of reincarnation. There are concepts of external and internal reincarnation, which, however, can only be divided conditionally. In essence, these are the two sides of a complex creative process, closely related to each other. In the process of reincarnation, action, thought and feeling are in indissoluble unity. The actor resorts to the help of a make-up, a costume (in some kinds of theater - to the help of a mask), develops intonations, gestures, gait, facial expressions conveying the appearance and manner of behavior of the person depicted with some degree of vital certainty or theatrical convention. But the true reincarnation is not only to convey the appearance of the character on the stage: the actor reveals the spiritual world of his hero, shows his character, expresses his thoughts and experiences. Some actors, for example Jean Gaben, in their roles do not reincarnate and play "themselves."

4. 3. Actor's art. Actor's art - professional creative activity in the field of performing arts, consisting in the creation of scenic images (roles), the type of performing creativity. Performing a certain role in the theatrical performance, the actor seems to be likening himself to the person on whose behalf he acts in the play. By influencing the viewer during the performance, a special playing space and a community of actors and spectators are created.

5. 4. Principle of acting art
4. Principle of acting art. The general principle of acting is reincarnation. Reincarnation is external and internal, the method of its comprehension differs depending on the technique used by the actor, the school (for example, Stanislavsky or Mikhail Chekhov), factors of external interference in the construction of the role (the work of partners, the director, make-up artist, etc.). The working tools of the actor are just as different as external and internal. External (technological) - make-up, costume, in some kinds of theater - a mask. Internal (psycho-physical) - physical: body, plastic and motor skills, voice (including diction), musical ear, sense of rhythm; Mental: emotionality, observation, memory, imagination, reaction speed, the ability to improvise.

6. 5. From the history of the theater
5. From the history of the theater. In the XVIII century, distinguished actors who played characteristic and semi-character (demi-caractère) roles in comedies, philistine dramas and melodramas (Tragedy required a subtle, abstract, non-domestic manner of play). The development of realistic trends in the European theater of the XIX century led to the need to put any character in touch with the environment, the era, public life. Actors, striving for artistic truth, sought in all of the types they portrayed, traits of social, historical, everyday character. Among the largest Russian characteristic actors of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries, AM Krutitsky, SN Sandunov, AE Ponomarev, AA Pomerantsev and others should be singled out. MS Shchepkin is characteristic of the tragic role of the Baron ("The Mean Knight" of Alexander Pushkin), V. V. Samoilov - in the role of King Lear. LP Nikulina-Kositskaya - in the role of Katerina ("Thunderstorm"). In all these cases, the characteristic was not only external, but also internal: it colored the psychology of the character, his aspirations and feelings. AE Martynov in the "characteristic" role of Tikhon ("Storm") and PM Sadovsky in the role of Lyubim Tortsov ("Poverty is not a vice") and others, went beyond this role, deepened their game to the tragic sound. Realism, in fact, eliminated this role, and in this sense, Stanislavsky said that the character must be present in every image, including the hero and lover. In modern theater, the concept of a characteristic actor is often used only to emphasize the dominant feature of the creative individuality of the actor.

7. The End