1. pre and postharvest dilemma
Pink Lady apples a
pre and postharvest dilemma
Dr. Daniel MANRIQUEZ BECERRA
R&D Director South Cone
AgroFresh
Pink Lady International Symposium Chile
June 2015

2. Overview
Pre-harvest factors and their impact in postharvest behavior
Cover color development
Maturity and its relationship with cover color development
Internal browning, perhaps the main postharvest problem under our conditions
How to reduce the incidence this disorder and others during postharvest. Pre and postharvest managements and tools available

3. Pre-harvest factors and their impact in postharvest behavior
An example outside apples
But in the case of apples we have good examples too
Cover color development
There are several factors that can affect it
Weather conditions and their relationship with growing areas, the “terroir” concept: genetic background and growing area
Orchard management
Plant management
Training systems, vigor and light interception
Training systems
Vigor control
Rootstocks
Pruning winter vs. summer
Use of PGRs such as GA biosynthesis inhibitors
Light management using reflecting films
Maturity regulation using ethylene modulators

4. Pre-harvest factors and their impact in post-harvest behaviors
Where does post-harvest start???
Pre-harvest
Cosecha
Black box
Pre-postharvest
But… there is a clear relationship and integration

5. But the integration between both could be done
Avocado is really far, but is a clear example

6. But we have some good examples on apples too
Susceptibility to scald development
Se han diseñado modelos de predicción en base al número de horas con temperatura del aire bajo 14 °C en el mes previo a la cosecha
Incidencia=EXP( *HFA)
Eb la figura es más fácil de ver, en el eje x va la cantidad de horas con T° bajo 14 °C en el mes antes de cosecha y se puede estimar el riesgo de escaldado cuando se cruza con la curva. Con 300 h bajo 14 la incidencia es de 70% y con 600 h es 20%.

7. Cover color: growing areas and genetic background
Weather conditions and their relationship with growing areas. The “terroir” concept: genetic background and growing area

8. Color development and its relationship with maturity
We know that several factors are affecting cover color development, and one of those in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits is ethylene
We need to know the behavior of each variety/clone growing in different conditions
Bi-color apples, the dilemma between color development and maturity and its impact in postharvest
Internal browning, is perhaps the main postharvest problem under our conditions
Growing areas and their impact in internal browning development
But it seems that symptoms and their origins could be different
CO2 damage
Chilling injury
Senescence

9. A part of the color development in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits is regulated by ethylene
Days after full bloom
Rosy Glow/M7

10. Varieties/clones; we need to know the behavior of each of them growing under different conditions
Rosy Glow/M7, season 2015
Pink Lady/MM106, season 2015

11. Bi-color apples, the dilemma between color development and maturity and its impact in postharvest
Pink Lady/MM106 Season 2014

12. Bi-color apples, the dilemma between color development and maturity and its impact in postharvest
Pink Lady/MM106 Season 2014

13. Bi-color apples, the dilemma between color development and maturity and its impact in postharvest
Rosy Glow/M7 Season 2014

14. Bi-color apples, the dilemma between color development and maturity and its impact in postharvest
Rosy Glow/M7 Season 2014

15. Internal browning on Pink Lady perhaps the main postharvest issue under our conditions
But which are internal browning symptoms:
Radial
Diffuse
A mix of them
CO2 damage

16. Growing areas and their impact in internal browning development
Jobling, 2008

17. Growing areas and their impact in internal browning development Chilean situation
(-)GDD
(+)GDD
Moggia and Pereira, 2008

18. Growing areas and maturity at harvest and their impact during post-harvest life Orchard N°1
Moggia et al., Talca Universityand AgroFresh

19. Growing areas and their impact in internal browning development Chilean situation
(+)GDD
(-)GDD
Harvest
Moggia and Pereira, 2008

20. Pre-harvest factors growing areas and segregation
Moggia and Pereira, 2008

21. How to reduce the incidence of this kind of disorders
Overview
How to reduce the incidence of this kind of disorders
Pre-harvest/Post-harvest
Growing areas and genetic background
Harvest time
Balance between color development and physiological maturity
Maturity regulation, use of Harvista
Chilling injury
Step wise cooling in combination with other postharvest tools
CO2 damage
CO2 level managements
Senescence
Use of SmartFresh in combination with other postharvest tools like CA

22. How to deal with the internal browning
Post-harvest
CO2 damage
CO2 level managements
Chilling injury
Step wise cooling in combination with other postharvest tools
Senescence
Maturity at harvest and use of SmartFresh in combination with other postharvest tools like CA

23. Harvest time, a complicated decision!!!

24. Harvest time, a complicated decision
Pink Lady/MM106 Season 2014
Rosy Glow/MM7, Season 2014

25. Step wise cooling and internal browning development
Step wise cooling: °C
Final temperature: 1°C

26. Step wise cooling and its effect on internal browning development
Moggia and Pereira, 2008

27. Step wise cooling and SmartFresh and their effect at physiological level, ethylene production
Post-harvest
First Harvest
Second Harvest
Step wise cooling: °C
Final temperature: 1°C

28. Step wise cooling and SmartFresh and their effect at physiological level, softening
First Harvest
Second Harvest
Step wise cooling: °C
Final temperature: 1°C

29. Step wise cooling and SmartFresh and its effect on internal browning development
First Harvest
Second Harvest

30. Step wise cooling and SmartFresh and their effect on scald development
First Harvest

31. Step wise cooling and SmartFresh and their effect on decay and greasiness

32. Internal browning, which part could be chilling injury related???
First Harvest
Second Harvest

33. Step wise cooling and other cooling strategies to avoid internal browning in combination with SmartFresh
Step wise cooling: °C
Final temperature: 1°C

34. Step wise cooling and other cooling strategies to avoid internal browning
Step wise cooling: °C
Final temperature: 1°C

35. Harvista a pre-harvest tool to modulate maturity

36. Harvista a pre-harvest tool to modulate maturity
Ethylene production
Firmness/softening

37. Harvista a pre-harvest tool on Pink Lady
Ethylene production
Firmness/Softening

38. Harvista a pre-harvest tool
Harvista a pre-harvest tool. The combination with SmartFresh on Pink Lady and story under development
Internal browning, radial
Internal browning, diffuse

39. AgroFresh Research and Development