1. Western Expansion in Photography and Art
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2. American Progress By John Gast
The painting was created in 1872, during which manifest destiny was a prevalent belief in the United States. The title, "American Progress," reflects the idea of manifest destiny, the development and civilization of the American west.

3. The Kidder Massacre
The Kidder Massacre, of July 2, 1867 refers to a skirmish near what is now Kansas involving a detachment of ten enlisted men and an Indian scout of the United States 2nd Cavalry under the command of Second Lieutenant Lyman Kidder which was attacked and wiped out by a mixed Lakota and Cheyenne force. Two Lakota, including chief Yellow Horse were also killed. The fight occurred during the period of the Indian Wars on the western plains and was an incident in the campaign known as Hancock's War.

4. Source: Texas State Library and Archives Commission
A Kiowa ledger (drawing) drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.
The Comanches had commanded the high plains of Central and West Texas for more than a century and waged continuous warfare against white encroachment. Texas President, Lamar, was determined to end the Comanche menace and clear the way for safe white settlement on the edges of the Texas frontier.
Source: Texas State Library and Archives Commission

5. In the 1850s, the United States violated treaties with the Dakota Indians in Minnesota. As a result, Dakota Indians began raids on American settlers. In the end, many Dakota Indians were put to death.

6. Representation of The Trail of Tears

7. Historical Caricature of the Cherokee Nation
An 1886 “Historical Caricature of the Cherokee Nation” demonstrates the multiple pressures and interests acting to partition indigenous nations during this time. n this caricature, the U.S. courts are cutting the hair of the Native in their efforts to “civilize,” as missionaries bore into the skull of the Cherokee to proselytize. The “body” of the Cherokee Nation is partitioned by rail- roads at the feet, while the arms, which represent lands in Alabama and Arkansas, are being sawed off by state policymakers. “Uncle Sam” sits on the bridge of the Cherokee Nation’s nose with the title of “Coroner” to make this depiction of the “vanishing Native” complete. Such a vivid image of an indigenous nation being divided by multiple loyalties and interests is just as relevant today as it was in 1886.
Historical Caricature of the Cherokee Nation
Lithograph, 1886, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress