1. Refresh
Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory. Give one example of each.
Which statement explains why ammonia can act as a Lewis base?
Ammonia can donate a lone pair of electrons.
Ammonia can accept a lone pair of electrons.
Ammonia can donate a proton.
Ammonia can accept a proton.

2. Acids and Bases - Lesson 2
Properties of acids and bases

3. Lesson 2: Properties of Acids and Bases
Objectives:
Understand the effect of acids/alkalis on indicators
Understand that acids neutralises bases (and vice versa)
Understand the reactions of acids with:
Metals
Carbonates
Hydrogen carbonates
Conduct experiments to confirm the above properties

4. Indicators Universal (actually a mixture of indicators): Litmus:
Acid is Red / Base is Blue
Phenolpthalein:
Acid is Colourless / Alkali is Pink
This is sorcery due to some clever chemistry that we will meet in the HL part of the course.

5. Neutralisation ACID + ALKALI  SALT + WATER
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water
sulfuric acid + ammonia  ammonium sulfate + water
This is always an exothermic reaction.
It is called neutralisation but won’t always lead to a perfectly neutral solution

6. Acids and Metals ACID + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN
phosphoric acid + magnesium  magnesium phosphate + hydrogen
ethanoic acid + sodium  sodium ethanoate + hydrogen
Very reactive metals may do this explosively

7. Acids and Carbonates
ACID + CARBONATE  SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate  calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water nitric acid + sodium carbonate  sodium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

8. Acids and Hydrogencarbonates
ACID + HYDROGENCARBONATE  SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER
hydrochloric acid + calcium hydrogencarbonate  calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
nitric acid + sodium hydrogencarbonate  sodium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

9. Now Check
Design and complete experiments to confirm all of the above for yourself.
Make sure you record all data clearly and explain what the data shows
In addition to standard laboratory glassware you will have:
Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium carbonate solution
Calcium carbonate powder
Sodium hydrogen carbonate powder
Sulphuric acid solution
Hydrochloric acid solution
Magnesium metal
Zinc metal
Lime water
Indicators: universal / litmus / phenolphthalein

10. Key Points Acids react in similar ways to each other
Bases react in similar ways to each other
Reactions tend to neutralise acid/base properties