1. Regional Conflicts
Struggles in Africa

2. A. Problems facing nation builders 1. Geographic divisions
Decolonization has been a long and difficult process for the the nations of Africa.
A. Problems facing nation builders
1. Geographic divisions
2. Colonial boundaries
3. Underdevelopment
4. Cold war

3. B. Ghana was the first west African nation to achieve independence in 1957
1. Kwame Nkrumah
2. Revives pan-Africanism
3. Expensive development projects

5. C. Kenya 1963 independent
1. Jomo Kenyatta independence leader in power from
2. Conflicts with white settlers
3. Mau Mau uprisings

7. D. 1960-1965 savage struggle for control of Congo(Zaire)
1. Hutus v Tsotsi
Mobutu Sese Seko emerges as leader becomes despotic dictator for 32 years
3. Nation currently in civil war

9. E. Algerian War for independence 1954-1962
1. Problem of the pied noires
2. Struggle leads to near destruction of France

11. South Africa Struggles for Freedom
Apartheid was devastating to the black majority in South Africa.
a. Apartheid: separation of the races
b. The ANC led struggle for majority rule.

13. c. In 1960, police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, a black township.

14. 2. With sanctions from foreign countries, apartheid ended.

15. Desmond Tutu
a. 1984, black South African bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid.

16. F. W. de Klerk
b. Outside pressure and protests at home finally convinced South African president F. W. de Klerk to end apartheid.

17. 3. All South Africans were allowed vote in 1994, electing ANC leader Nelson Mandela president.

18. Nelson Mandela

21. Still, black poverty remains high.
Whites still own most land
AIDS is a major health concern

22. B. South Africa’s Neighbors Face Long Conflict
1. Portugal fought to retain colonies in Angola and Mozambique.

23. Dr. Jonas Savimbi
Dr. Agostinho Neto

24. 2. After independence, civil wars raged for years.
a. Cold War rivalries.
b. historic resentments

26. C. Ethnic Conflicts Kill Millions
1. In Rwanda, Burundi, and Sudan, ethnic conflicts led to violence.

28. 2. Rwandan majority Hutus attacked the Tutsi people
2. Rwandan majority Hutus attacked the Tutsi people. Tutsis and Hutus also fought in Burundi.

30. 3. In Sudan, Arab Muslims tried to suppress the non- Muslim black Sudanese. Arab militias, backed by the government, unleashed terror on the non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur.