1. Chapter 9 Minerals Matter – anything w/ volume and mass
3 states of matter…
Solid – Little kinetic energy –tight particles
Liquid – middle kinetic energy – loose particles
Gas – lots of Kinetic Energy – spaced particles
Elements – building blocks of minerals
Can’t be broken down into simpler substances by chemical/physical means
112 elements; approx minerals

2. Periodic Table Each element represented by 1-2 letters
8 elements make up most of earth’s crust.
Metals – malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat/electricity
left side of periodic table
Non-metals – brittle and poor conductors
right side of the periodic table

4. Atoms Atom – the first man!
Atom – smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of the element
Are neutral (no charge)
Equal #s protons and electrons

5. Atom Parts Protons – positively charged Neutrons – no charge (neutral)
1 amu = mass
Found in nucleus
Neutrons – no charge (neutral)
Electrons – negatively charged
Very little mass
Outside of nucleus in energy levels

7. Atomic number – # of protons in the nucleus
Sequentially numbered
Mass number - # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotope – atom with same # of protons but a different # of neutrons
Used for dating rocks/fossils
EX: 12C and 14C
Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)

8. Mixtures, Solutions, Compounds
Mixture – combination of substances…
Don’t lose identities (of components)
Easy to separate components
Not in a set ratio
Solutions – special type of mixture
Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined
Components lose their identity
Components can’t be separate out easily
Components in a specific, set ratio

9. Atomic Bonds (James)
Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically. 3 types:
Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred from a + ion to a – ion
- between metals and non-metals
Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals
Metallic – when electrons are shared by metal ions.

10. Minerals 5 characteristics Naturally occurring (not man-made)
Solid at normal surface temperatures
Inorganic (not from living things)
Definite and orderly crystal structure
Definite chemical composition

11. Mineral Formation Crystallization from magma Precipitation from water
From cooling magma
Precipitation from water
Like evaporated salt water
Pressure and temperature
Forms new minerals (metamorphism)
Hydrothermal solutions
From hot solutions

12. Mineral Groups Silicates Non silicates Most common group
Must contain silicon and oxygen
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)
Non silicates
Cannot contain both silicon and oxygen
Much less common
6 subgroups
Carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, native elements

15. Mineral Properties Color – its color!
Poor test alone
Minerals may be many colors
Many minerals can be the same color
Streak – color of the powdered mineral
Produced by rubbing mineral on the streak plate
Cleavage – tendency of a mineral to cleave (split) along flat, even surfaces
Fracture – jagged, uneven breaking of a mineral

16. Mineral Properties Luster – the way light reflects from its surface…
Metallic –
Non-metallic –
Glassy (vitreous)
Pearly
Earthy
Greasy
waxy

17. Mineral Properties Crystal form – geometric shape of minerals
Density – the ratio of its mass to its volume
Hardness – resistance of a mineral to being scratched, like, dude, scratchability
Moh’s hardness scale – from 1 – 10
See table page 52
Fingernail = 2.5
Penny = 3.5
Glass plate = 5.5
Streak plate = 7

18. Unusual Mineral Properties
Taste – salty (halite)
Smell – rotten eggs (sulfur)
Feel – greasy/slick (talc, graphite)
Writes on paper – (graphite)
Magnetic – magnetite (lodestone)
Radioactive – triggers a Geiger counter, (uranium)
Reactive – reacts with HCl acid (calcite)
Double refraction – see 2 images through it (calcite & Icelandic spar)
Optical fiber – can see through it (ulexite = TV rock)
Fluorescent – changes color under UV light (fluorite)
Gemstones – precious or semi-precious, page 56/57