1. Researching the Literature

2. Scholarly literature and the research process
Outline
Scholarly literature and the research process
Activity
Research Article vs Review Article
Search Tool
Develop a search - PICO
Hands-on with Pubmed
Citing

3. Learning Outcomes You will be able to:
Distinguish between research and review articles
Create a search strategy based on the PICO framework
Search for information using Pubmed
Identify citation elements in order to format citations

4. The Scientific Method Question Research Hypothesis Experiment
Conclusion
Report
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Report
Question
Research

5. Scientific Information Timeline
Primary Sources ?
Secondary Sources
Tertiary Sources
Grey Sources ?
P - original material
S - interpretations and evaluations that are derived from or refer to primary sources
T - distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources
G- information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing
P – geared to general audience
Popular Sources ?

6. Scientific Information Timeline
Primary Sources
Research Articles
Secondary Sources
Books/eBooks
Review Articles
Tertiary Sources
Encyclopedia Entries
Dictionary Entries
Grey Sources
Government Publications
Organization Publications
Theses
P - original material
S - interpretations and evaluations that are derived from or refer to primary sources
T - distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources
G- information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing
P – geared to general audience
Popular Sources
News Articles
Blog Entries

7. Peer-review Process

8. Manuscript submissions and decisions
Peer-review Process
A panel of experts in a field evaluate an article’s quality, validity, and relevance in its field
An article can be
Accepted
Require revisions
Rejected
Manuscript submissions and decisions

9. IMRaD Format Different from review articles
Prezi - Need analogy for coral reef theoretical context

10. Usually involves several consistent sections:
IMRaD Format
Usually involves several consistent sections:
Introduction - outlining the purpose of the research, including a short summary of past research in the area
Methods - explaining the experimental procedure
Results - relaying and analyzing the experimental data
Discussion - explaining trends found in analysis, potential sources of error, and further directions in the area
Theoretical and modelling papers may not have these sections
Different from review articles
Prezi - Need analogy for coral reef theoretical context

11. PubMed

12. Activity 1 – PubMed Interface Research vs Review
Working in pairs, discuss and decide whether each article is a research or review article (10min)
List of articles in Pubmed
We will discuss as a group (10min)

13. Reading strategies
What is the best section of an article to read first?

14. Reading strategies Novice Expert Title Abstract Discussion/Conclusion
Introduction
Results
References
Methods
Title
Abstract
Results –table/graphs
Discussion/Conclusion
References
Introduction
Methods

15. Search – an iterative process
Write your topic out as a sentence or question
Identify the main ideas (concepts)
Think of synonyms for each concept (search terms)
Use the search terms to build a search strategy
Find and evaluate the results
Repeat the search with new search terms that you discover
Analogy to using the internet for a search

16. Identifying the Concepts - PICO
PICO – framework to help create a search
Population/Patient
Intervention/Issue
Comparison
Outcome

17. PICO Population/Patient Intervention/Issue/Action Age Disease Sex Race
Treatment
Program
Comparison
Outcome
No treatment
Different treatment/program
Mortality
Symptoms improvement
Prevention
Uptake

18. Question
Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?

19. Question
Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? P I C O

20. Question
Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?
P - youth I C O

21. Question
Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?
P - youth
I - advertising e-cigarettes C O

22. Question
Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?
P - youth
I - advertising e-cigarettes
C - no advertising O

23. Question
Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?
P - youth
I - advertising e-cigarettes
C - no advertising
O - start smoking

24. P I C O Synonyms youth e-cigarette advertising no advertising smoking?

25. electronic cigarettes
Synonyms P I C O
youth
e-cigarette
advertising
no advertising
smoking
adolescent
e-cigarettes
teens
electronic cigarettes
teenager
teenagers

26. Search Tips Phrase searching Truncation Boolean operators
Quotations - “electronic cigarettes”
Truncation
Asterisk (sometimes other symbol) – teen*
Boolean operators
AND
Many databases don’t need AND, it is assumed
The more terms you AND together, the fewer results you find OR
Used to combine synonyms
The more terms you OR together, the more results you find
Use brackets when using synonyms with OR

27. Synonyms with Boolean Operators
AND
AND
AND
AND P I C O
youth
e-cigarette
advertising
no advertising
smoking
adolescent
e-cigarettes
teens
electronic cigarettes
teenager
teenagers OR OR
Public awareness campaign
Public health campaign OR OR

28. Synonyms with Truncation
AND
AND
AND
AND P I C O
youth
e-cigarette*
advertising
smok*
adolescent
electronic cigarettes
teen* OR OR
Public awareness campaign
Public health campaign

29. Synonyms with Phrase Searching
AND
AND
AND
AND P I C O
youth
e-cigarette*
advertising
smok*
adolescent
“electronic cigarettes”
teen* OR OR
Public awareness campaign
Public health campaign

30. Search String
(Youth OR adolescent OR teen*) AND (e-cigarette* OR “electronic cigarettes”) (advertising) (smok*)

31. Activity 2 – PICO Questions
Do fall prevention programs help prevent seniors from falling?
Which is more effective at preventing nausea in cancer patients: ondansetron or granisetron?
How is the gene Nlrp1b connected with diabetes?
Seniors, fall prevention, falls
Cancer patients, ondansetron, granisetron, nausea
Diabetes, NIrp1b

32. Activity 3 - PubMed Searching
Go to the library homepage
Go to the database link underneath the large search box
Click on the letter P
Scroll to the bottom of the page, select Pubmed from the list
What is the relationship between food security and obesity?

33. Citation in the Sciences
Why Cite ?

34. Citation
A - gives credit to the person or group who researched and wrote the information you are using (WHO)
I – tells what it is (WHAT)
L – tells where you where you can find it (WHERE)
R – tells if it is relevant to the topic being discussed
Q – tells something about the quality of the information
“If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulder of giants”
Isaac Newton

35. Citation Element Example
PMID:
E-cigarette use in Canada: prevalence and patterns of use in a regulated market
Samantha Shiplo, Christine D Czoli, David Hammond
BMJ Open 2015;5:e007971
doi: /bmjopen
Electronic Cigarettes: Vulnerability of Youth
Dean E. Schraufnagel
Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol Mar 1; 28(1): 2–6
doi:  /ped
Support for Indoor Bans on Electronic Cigarettes among Current and Former Smokers
Stephanie K. Kolar, Brooke G. Rogers, Monica Webb Hooper
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(12),
doi: /ijerph
The impact of electronic cigarettes on the paediatric population
Elizabeth L Durmowicz
Tob Control 2014;23:ii41-ii46
doi: /tobaccocontrol
Electronic cigarettes: The nicotyrine hypothesis
Aaron Abramovitz, Amy McQueen, Raul E. Martinez, Brent J. Williams, Walton Sumner
Medical Hypotheses, Volume 85, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 305–310
doi: /j.mehy

36. Library Workshop Assignment
Research Question: Does vaccination during pregnancy reduce the incidence of whooping cough?
Identify the PICO terms in the above question
Find two sources that answer the above question
One research article (primary) from the last 5 years
One review article (secondary) from the last 10 years
Write out the citation elements for each of the articles
Write a reflection on identifying and evaluating the articles
Write a reflection on searching for the articles

37. Library Research Help HELP Health Subject Guide HLTH2001 Course Guide
QUESTIONS?
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