1. Referencing
By Andreas Grondoudis

2. Contents What is referencing and why use it?
References vs. Bibliography
The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric)
Compiling a list of references
Electronic references
Direct quotations and Bibliography
Common mistakes

3. What is referencing and why use it?
What is it:
Referencing is the act of acknowledging all work (from somebody else) that you have used in your work. Since you are citing a paper you have read you must provide a reference for it.
Why use it:
Referencing is used to acknowledge other people's work or ideas in relation to your own.
To enable a reader to find the source material
if need be, to cross-reference or just read
To avoid plagiarism or literary theft. We talked about this in ethics. What's the worse that could happen?
Face legal action, adverse publicity, ostracism by the academic community, students could lose assignments and courses, even suspension from the university

4. When should references be used?
When citing factual material from other sources
On paper
Papers, books, theses, lecture or lab documents, magazine & newspaper articles, any public material published, government documents
Electronic
Web pages; online journal papers and conference proceedings; CDROMS (media) and electronic databases
Visual and audio material
Videos; tapes; CDs, DVDs

5. References vs. Bibliography
A list of references is a list of all the sources that you have cited in the text of your document.
Preferred for technical documents as: 1)it is the system used in scientific literature and 2)shows how your work integrates with others
Bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have consulted but not cited while working on your document.
Usually we only have one or the other but if you have both then remember: citations must be in references only.
They must be placed at the end of the document immediately before any appendices

6. The two main systems
Cross referencing is what we insert in the body of the text in order to identify the full reference (of the citation) in the list of references
The author – date (Harvard) system
In the text: surname of the author and the year of publication both in parentheses separated by a comma:
(Grondoudis, 1994)
In the references: list of A-Z of authors' surnames
The numerical system
In the text: each citation is given a unique number in the order in which they appear in the text; it could be in square brackets [4] or as a superscript 4.
Multiple citations: use the same unique number of the first citation
In the references: list of 1-to-n of the unique numbers used in text

7. Choosing between systems
Depends on what you are writing for
Journals always specify the system they want you to use
Stuff members (instructors) usually have a preference (just ask)
Do not use both in the same document
Table 14.2 from our textbook mentions
Harvard
Pros: recognising the source; make it easy for individuals familiar with the literature; alphabetical list at the end; late additions are easy
Cons: many citations can make the text look awkward
Numerical
Pros: no text interruption by wordy citations; only need to repeat a number
Cons: readers familiar with the literature find it difficult to recognise citations; late additions are difficult (especially when inserting); repeating numbers can be difficult (to follow)

8. Harvard examples & what ifs?
Single author
..another approach by (Manuel, 1998) who also…
.. Manuel (1998) suggested an alternative approach and also…
2 authors
…similar finding are reported in (Manuel and Rhino, 2000)
2+ authors
…similar findings were reported by (Manuel et al., 2001)
several papers
…this view is also supported by the respective community (Manuel, 2002; Rhino and Ridges 2002; Zen et al. 2002) who further…
Order them either by year or by surnames
same author, multiple papers, different years
…active research (Zen 2002, 2003) suggests…
same author, multiple papers, same year
…active research in the field (Zen, 2001 a, b)
Unable to obtain original by seen a citation
…a view shared by (Kefalas, 2003) as cited by (Faith et al., 2004)
Same surname (different authors), same year
..argued in (Kefalas, A., 2003) and (Kefalas, V., 2004)
Personal communication (just a couple, no need to include in references)
Sample values included (H.C. Ming, pers. comm.)
Please note: None of this is required in the numeric system

9. Compiling a list of references
Made of anything that you have cited in the text of your document
Placed at the end of the document, just before appendices
Harvard: list alphabetical by surname
Numeric: sequentially numbered in the order they appear in the text.
Points to note:
List is there to allow for information retrieval
There are minor variations in the format of listing
There are standard abbreviations in journals
Ensure consistency, every full stop and comma must be in the right place. Assessors often check this area very thoroughly.

10. List of types of sources
Journal papers
Books
Other sources
surname, initials
(year)
Title of paper,
Journal name (in correctly abbreviated form)
The volume number of the journal with issue number in parentheses
Start and end number of pages
Surname, initials (Ed after editors)
Title of book (italic or underlined, using "title case"
subtitle (if applicable, separated with ; )
Title of series (if applicable)
Volume number,
Edition (if not first)
Publisher
Place of publication,
Page numbers of quoted material
If surname is missing
Title of the document
Date
Producing organisation
Any identifying numbers
Too many examples (just a thesis below, more on textbook )
Clooney, G., Pitt, B., Jolie, A. (2010) Computer Vision, Int. J. Theor. Comp. Sci. 38(4),
Bernett, A.G. (2000) Programming in Visual Basic; A Practical Guide, 3rd Ed, McGraw-Hill, London.
Gregory, G. (2000), Computer Visualisation, PhD Thesis, University of Ohio

11. Electronic references
Examples:
A WWW page; a paper from online conference proceedings; an online journal article; database abstracts; a personal ; a discussions list
Please see the textbook for example on any of the above
A web page
Author (if authored)
The title
Date of construction of the material (in brackets)
[Online]
Available: followed by the URL
The date you access it (in square brackets [])
An example
Grondoudis | EUC (2012 – last updated), [Online], Available: [2013, June 2]

12. Direct quotations & Bibliography
Used very rarely in technical documents
Enclose a few words in double quotes
Compiling a bibliography
Each listed citation is formatted as for a list of references (see before)
The items are listing in alphabetical order
The list is not numbered
It is common practice to indent each line after the first

13. Common mistakes Severe faults (assessors will reject for these)
Citing a reference in the text and leaving out in the list of references (or visa-versa)
The date of the citation does not match the date of the entry in the list of references
In the list of references
Inconsistencies in formatting
Using non-standard abbreviation in a journal entry
Insufficient details given
Not inverting the autho and initials order
Good: Grondoudis, A.,
Bad: A., Grondoudis,
Unobtainable refrences
Incorrect volume and page numbers.

14. Referencing summary What is referencing and why use it?
References vs. Bibliography
The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric)
Compiling a list of references
Electronic references
Direct quotations and Bibliography
Common mistakes