1. Theories of Motivation
Unit VIIi Motivation and emotion

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. What Is Motivation? ________- is a need or want that causes us to act.
________- directs and maintains goal-directed behavior.
______________- explain the relationship between physiological changes and emotional experiences.

4. Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory
Drive- Reduction Theory
Incentive Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Motives

5. Instinct Theory
____________- physical and ________ instincts such as curiosity and fearlessness cause us to act.
_________- are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors.
Ex: Birds and butterflies flying South for the winter; salmon swimming upstream to mate
___________ with theory:
Are there any human behaviors that can be considered true instincts?
How much of human behavior is instinctive?

6. Drive-reduction theory
When the ____________ of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory.
________________- a physical need creates an aroused _________ state (a drive) that motivates an organism to __________ the need (Hull, 1951)

7. Drive Reduction
The ____________ aim of drive reduction is ________________.
Homeostasis- the maintenance of a steady internal state-__________.
The regulation of any aspect of _______________ around a particular level.
Drive
Reduction
Food
Empty Stomach
(Food Deprived)
Stomach Full
Organism

8. Drive-reduction theory
Strengths-
Does a nice job explaining most _________ drives
Falls apart with more complex behaviors/_________ drives-
________ and Secondary Drives

9. Incentive Theory
____________- beyond the ________ motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal, ________ motives or external stimuli such as _______, approval, and grades regulate and pull us towards a ________.
_________- a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

10. Optimum arousal Humans seek __________ levels of arousal.
Sometimes we want _______ of arousal
Sometimes we want very ______ arousal
Some of us tend to want _______ and some of us tend to want ________.

11. Arousal theory
People do things in order to seek out an ________ level of arousal for a given moment,
I want a _______ level of arousal- let’s do something epic tonight.
I want a ______ level of arousal- let’s stay in tonight.
I am _______ with my life, I need a new job.
I am stressed at work, let’s take a ________.

12. Yerkes-Dodson law
States that there is an _______ level of arousal for best performance on any task.
The more ______ the task, the ________ the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance.

13. Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham ______ (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others.
____________ needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before ____________ needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
( )

14. Hierarchy of Needs