1. The Duel for North America 1608-1763

2. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Similar to the English and Dutch, France was late to colonization
1500s: religious wars (Protestant vs. Catholic) and foreign wars
In 1534, the French explorer Jacques Cartier came to Canada and claimed it for France.
16th century French efforts to establish settlements in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia failed
In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued by the crown of France
Limited religious freedom to Huguenots (Fr Protestants)
Stopped internal religious wars

3. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
In 1608, France established Quebec
Leading figure was Samuel de Champlain
Soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title "Father of New France“
Entered into friendly relations with the neighboring Huron Indians and helped them defeat the Iroquois
Iroquois would hamper French expansion into Ohio River Valley later
The government of New France
(Canada) was under direct control
of the king
The people did not
elect any
representative
assemblies

4. Quebec

5. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
No massive French immigration to North America
Peasants were too poor
Huguenots weren’t allowed into “New France
Went to other areas
No popular assemblies
No trial by jury
Young men recruited into army
West Indies favored

6. “Daughters of the King” Filles du roi
Only 12% of the emigrants to Canada in the 17th century were female
Most of these were “daughters of the king”
From an orphanage in Paris
Given a dowry to come to North America
Expected to marry quickly after arriving

7. New France Sets Out
New France’s (Canada) one valuable resource was the beaver
Beaver hunters were known as the coureurs de bois
Monopolies were granted (trusts) by royal charter
French voyageurs also recruited Indians to hunt for beaver as well
Indians were decimated by diseases
The beaver population was also heavily decimated
French Catholic missionaries (Jesuits) zealously tried to convert Indians
Met Native Americans in their homes, lived with them, learned their language
Louisiana (New Orleans most important city) was founded, in 1682, to thwart Spanish expansion into the area near the Gulf of Mexico
is wild-caught)
Loss of “safety net”, reliance on one resource?

9. The Clash of Empires
The Battle for Supremacy in North America England vs. France
King William's War ( )
French raided English outposts and settlements on the frontier
Resulted in  status quo
Queen Anne's War ( )
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Britain received French-populated Acadia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay
The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America
King George’s War ( )
Colonists captured Fort Louisbourg from French
Treaty handed Louisbourg back to France  enraging the victorious New Englanders

10. French and Indian War or Seven Years’ War
England and France fighting for colonial supremacy around the world
Seven Years’ War
(though some of the fighting started earlier in the colonies)

11. Washington Inaugurates War with France
1753 George Washington delivers message to French in Ohio Country
In 1754, Washington sent back to Ohio Country with larger force
Virginia militia engage a small French party, then retreat and build Ft. Necessity
Virginians were forced to surrender on July 4, 1754
1755 British and French both send forces to North America, increased hostilities
British also uprooted the French Acadians and scattered them
French are fortifying Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh, PA region today)
English assign General Edward Braddock to take Ft. Duquesne
Washington built Fort Necessity … recreated to the right

12. Global War and Colonial Disunity
The French and Indian War/Seven Years' War started in 1754 in the colonies
It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean
Major fighting in Europe starts in 1756
In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other
The French used so many troops in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America
The Albany Congress met in 1754
Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up
It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime 

13. Benjamin Franklin created America’s first political cartoon.
What is the message?
Is it easy to understand?
Does this make it effective?
Notice the nice use of labels

14. Do you think Franklin was inspired by the coastline of North America?

15. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath
General Braddock set out in 1755 with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne
His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army  Braddock's Blunder
Due to this loss of troops, the whole frontier from PA to NC was left open to attack
George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area
Washington successfully organizes a retreat as everything is falling apart. This gains him fame in the colonies and makes him into a war hero. (Later, during the American Revolution he will be chosen as a leader because of this “experience”.)
In 1756, the British launched full-scale invasion of Canada .

16. Pitt's Palms of Victory
In 1757, William Pitt became the foremost leader in the London government
He was known as the "Great Commoner“
He ordered attack that led to capture of Louisbourg in 1758
Ft. Duquesne also captured in 1758 by British
To lead the attack in the Battle of Quebec in 1759, Pitt chose James Wolfe
Opposing armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham, British under Wolfe and French under Marquis de Montcalm
British won
Montreal fell in 1760 to General Jeffrey Amherst
The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the conflict

17. Treaty of Paris
1763
Eliminated France as a colonial power in North America
Canada to England
Land east of Mississippi to England
Except New Orleans
(Land west of Mississippi to Spain, who had been a French ally)
West Indies were redistributed
Many had been captured by opposing sides during the war

18. Notice the changes.
France is no longer an imperial power in North America.
England gains a lot of territory.

19. Effects of the F & I War Colonies Britain
Gained self-confidence and military experience (a little)
Saw the need for colonial unity to meet common problems, now had experience (Albany Congress)
Had the danger of attack by French and certain Indian tribes removed from the frontier (less dependent on English support)
Colonial military leaders angry few Americans were promoted in British army*
*George Washington was hoping to be named an officer in the British army, he was disappointed when it did not happen
Britain
Had neglected the colonies, who had developed self-government and had been evading Br. Mercantilist restrictions
Had not helped sufficiently with soldiers or supplies in the war against France
Colonies had gained much from the victory (mostly land and safety)
Upset colonists had traded with Spanish and West Indies
Should pay at least part of the cost of the war
Debt had doubled

20. Explain the Paradox
Crocodile Dilemma: If a crocodile steals a child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned?
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21. Key Paradox (?) According to Bailey and Kennedy:
Britain’s victory over France – which the British colonists officially supported – actually created new sources of tension between Americans and the mother country
(the Americans and British were on the same side and won, yet they ended up worsening their relationship)

22. Britain’s New Policy
Place the colonies under strict British political and economic control
End of salutary neglect!
Compel the colonies to respect and obey English laws
Make the colonies bear their part of the cost of maintaining the British Empire (need to pay off debt)

23. Restless Colonists Intercolonial disunity had been caused by:
enormous distances
geographical barriers
conflicting religions, from Catholics to Quakers
varied nationalities, from German to Irish
differing types of colonial governments
many boundary disputes
resentment of back-country settlers against aristocrats

24. Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763: Ohio Valley Causes: Chief Pontiac
F & I War
Replacement of French with British
Chief Pontiac
Ottawa Chief
Refused to surrender land – had been allied with France
Led Indian alliance against whites
Lasted for about 18 months
British tried germ warfare
Militarily a stalemate, but led to political developments
Br dealt with Indians more like French and 

25. For the British, they saw Pontiac’s Rebellion as evidence that if colonists were allowed into the newly won western territories there would be conflict with Native Americans. This conflict would be expensive and the British debt had already doubled due to the French and Indian War.

26. Proclamation of 1763 Partly in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion
Prohibited colonials from moving west of the Appalachians
Would settle land disputes with Indians fairly to prevent more uprisings
Organize eventual settlement and defense
Colonists were infuriated
Believed it was permanent- British only meant for it to be temporary
Colonists generally ignored

27. Proclamation of 1763