1. 1750 – 1914 Overview (Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1914?)
AP World History
1750 – 1914 Overview
(Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1914?)

2. Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology
Patterns of World Trade
Who, where, what, how in 1750?
What will and won’t change by 1914?
Trade with imperialism and colonilization
Trade with new technology – steam ship, railroads, telegraph, new roads
Trade with new markets – opening up of American west
Trade with new routes – Suez Canal, Panama Canal, locks

3. Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology
Modes of Transportation/ communication
Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph
Suez Canal, Panama Canal
TRADE expanded 10 fold
Railroads connected the US, India (best railroads in the British empire – 4th largest in world), China…new markets and population explosion! rapid expansion – US had the largest rail network (Andrew Carnegie, Vanderbilt)…consumed huge amounts of land – cities doubled, steel, new land for agriculture, mining, human exploitation
Steam ship was able to carry more people and could travel on rivers and ocean, efficient – steamship lines (Titanic) cheap and heavy products anywhere

4. Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869
Suez Canal – financed with French money, built by the Egyptians – became in debt 45 million – British took over
Panama Canal – US & Columbia story

5. Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology
Industrial Revolution
Origins of I.R. – where, what
and when
Rationale of capitalism –
Adam Smith
Impact of I.R. on time, family,
work, labor
Relationship of nations during I.R.
Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism
Steam power, cheap iron (new processes called the Bessemer Process), assembly lines
Uneven effect – the first countries to industrialize (Britain) became wealthy and powerful…but others didn’t like Russia, eastern Europe and China. They were taken advantage of!
WHY? Population growth because of reliable food supplies and disease resistance…also Scientific technologies like Jenner’s vaccination…population didn’t cause it, but with economic growth – it caused a boom
Why more growth: dependable food supplies and job opportunities led people to marry earlier and have more children – led to immigration to cities and need for even more jobs
Agricultural Revolution: potato – 2-3x more food per acre than grain; landowners enclosed common land and took control of it – forced drainage of soil, improvement, better livestock and crop rotation – Englightenment and Scientific Rev. brought technology
Britain (good water transportation, commercial and more fluid society as it wasn’t as ostentatious as France, spain or Austria (Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution – more people power and aristocracy less powerful – social class lines not as accutely drawn…another reason why US industrialized well.
Adam Smith and capitalism: laissez faire – let the invisible hand of market economics control supply and demand and see what happens – trade specialties! Governmetn should refrain from interfering – free trade!!! However, laissez-faire allowed the capitalists to get rich (banks, stock markets and chartered companies – justified activities
Some protested such as Friedrich List who saw it as a “british trick to make the rest of the world its serfs” and many complained that social problems of the day went unnoticed
Child labor, hour days, business cycles, unfair working conditions, family working, drunk paydays, - long hours, low wages, high danger…”free slaves” or “urban slaves” Some kids only 5 or 6 years old (cheaper and more docile) – no schools. Women earned half as much as men and often had to leave if a man wanted the job. No time off – women nursing children in the factories
Environmental damage, poor housing, overcrowded cities due to immigrants and migration, sewage and trash on the street (awning story), animals with people, new diseases such as dysentry, tuberculosis, rickets, cholera from India – In 1850 average life expectancy in Manchester England was 24 years! In the neighborhoods around the poorest sections – only 17 due to high infant mortality.
RESPONSES: New reforms for workers (unions, strikes), women and minorities (suffrage and laws), children (schools) – all around new reforms for towns such as garbage removal, sewage and water systems, etc….
Marxism and socialism – a belief that the government had more to do – Marxism: workers of the world unite!
Power over nation – increased disparency between people
NATIONS competing – continuation of competition – odd irony
To make a product that sold everywhere Britain had to use African slaves, American land, British machines and Irish workers. Iron ships and steam engines shifted the historic balnace between Europe and China
NON INDUSTRIAL Russia still had serfs! – Afraid of political change and could not keep up.

6. Power loom
Fatcat
Milltown
Miner
Streetchildren

7. Demographic and Environmental Changes
Migration – Immigration
Why?
Where?
Migration – need for space – high birth rates: jobs in the city!
Immigration – droughts (Irish potato famine), political problems (Jewish pograms, new governments, nationalistic movements) – brought people to new areas such as the US.

8. Demographic and Environmental Changes
End of Atlantic Slave Trade
New Birthrate Patterns
Disease prevention
and eradication
Food Supply
See slide 5

9. Changes in Social and Gender Structure
Industrial Revolution
Commercial developments
Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender
Emancipation of Serfs
and Slaves
Suffrage
IR – women working
Who has the power???

10. Changes in Social and Gender Structure
Women’s emancipation movements
Suffragists – want to have their own vote – black men have the vote in the US - Elizabeth Cady Stanton has the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 where she calls to change constition to “all men and women are created equal” – Susan B. Anthony who gets jailed for trying to cast a vote in 1872 (quaker), Carrie Nation and her hatchet – women get the vote in America in 1919 – 19th amendment…cast their votes in the election of 1820

11. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Latin American Independence Movements
Why?
Why revolution? Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Rights on Man circulated in L.A.
But when Nopoleon invaded Portugal and Spain – spurred it on….Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne and many countries (Venezuela, Mexico, Bolivia) overthrew their local Spanish officials and created their own governmental “juntas”
Simon Bolivar is in Venezuela declared independence in 1811 and Bolivar became the military leader of the movement. Agreed to support emancipation of the slaves in order to draw them and freemen into the cause and gain supplies from Haiti….he also tried to unite Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador into one namtion called “Gran Colombia” – didn’t work.
Simon Bolivar

12. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Why Revolution now?
Where?
United States (1776)
France (1789)
Haiti (1803)
Mexico (1910)
China (1911)
American
French (new 3rd estate governt., March on Versailles, March on Bastille, Declaration of Rights of Man – leads to revolutionaries called Jacobins who become The Terror….40,000 people died, forcing priests to marry, hurting clergy, day months divided into ten-day weeks – no Christian meaning of Sunday....led to The Directory and then Napoleon who then became a dictator
Haiti
Mex

13. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture
– Saint Domingue was rich European colonies with sugar, cotton and coffee – french foreign trade but brutal slave regime – high mortality, low birthrate = high demand for slaves
Political turmoil in France weakened their ability to handle their colony and authority was not clear…the free mixed race population called the gens de coloeur fought with the white planters (even though both were slave owners) – slave rebellion!! With Toussaint L’Ouverture as leader and military leader….led an invasion and he was happy when the French National Convention in Paris abolished slavery. He protested when the Directory contemplated the reestablishment of slavery
Napoleon sent a force to reestablish French rule in 1802, but they succumed to yellow fever, armed revolutionaries and armed women. Toussaint was captured and sent to die in a French prison but Haiti did get their freedom and became the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere

14. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Mexican Revolution
Benito Juarez overcame the French invasion and installation of Hapsburg Maximilian as emperor to keep the French army out of Mexico.
From Mexico had a series of revolutionaries: economic inequities in society: Emiliano Zapata revolted against landowning Mexicans and his soldiers were peasants. They would come down – like Robin Hood – and burn buildings and villages. Another leader was Pancho Villa who organized 3,000 men to seize land from the large haciendas. Always fighting against the Constitutionalists – but they did adopt many of these men’s ideas and proposed some social programs.

15. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
Dr. Sun Yat Sen
Chinese Revolution
Manchus
Sun Yat Sen created a political party called the Guomingdang to reflect some western style governments. This was the anti-government from before when Empress Dowager Cixi had encouraged the Boxer Rebellion.
The Japanese were given Chinese territory during the Paris Peace Conference after WWI and it made the Chinese angry. Sun Yat Sen was succeeded by Chiang Kai Shek.

16. New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism
Growth of Nation-states/ empires
Nationalism and nation-states

17. New Political Ideas Movements of Political Reform Jacobins in France
Taiping Rebellion in China
Jacobins were those that supported executing Louis XVI and were far to the left democrats. Maximilien Robespierre was a leader of the Jacobins as was Jean Paul Marat who edited a newspaper and called for the death of those who supported the King – he was killed in his bathtub.
Robespierre wonted to wip out every trace of France’s past, closed churches, cnosidered religion old-fashioned and dangerous. Thousands died, over 300,000 thrown into jail. He was later put to the guillitine. One 18 year old boy was executed for cutting down a tree that had been planted as a symbol of liberty.
Taiping Rebellion - started recruiting people to help builda “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” – all people would share China’s wealth and no one would live in poverty (very communist): Hong Xiuquan (shee-oo-chan) saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus.
They organized a massive army of one million and took over a large area of southeastern China and declared it Taiping. Lots of organized work groups. The Qing were finally able to defeat them with help from the British and French – but it was one of the bloodiest civil war. Lots of internal fighting …by the end: million may have died.

18. New Political Ideas Rise of Democracy and its limitations Reform Women
Racism
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer

19. Rise of Western Dominance
Imperialism/Colonialism: Why’s & How’s
W:3 G’s; economic, national pride, social just.
H: Use of force, technology, cures, take advantage of African rivalries
Changes: “Old” imperialism (colonialism) and New Imperialism
African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania
Ethiopia, Liberia and Siam are the only independent countries
New and Old Imperialism
OLD – colonies, 16tha dn 17th century, colonialism, focused on NEW WORLD – 3 G’s
NEW – speed, RAPID conquest (much faster – years)- 10 million square miles and 150 million fell under the ruile of Europe and US during this period
Economic and technological means to reorganize dependent regions and use them as suppliers of food stuffs and raw materials and as markets for consuemr products – both directly and indirectly , OLD WORLD – 3 G’s

20. Rise of Western Dominance
Scramble for Africa
Everyone took a piece of Africa – only independent areas were Ethiopia and Liberia – before there was a problem with navigating and disease. But with maxim machine guns, technology such as railroads and steam and the ethnic rivalries – the Europeans were able to divide it up. At the Berlin Conference, they made the agreements “binding” – but never invited the Africans to come join.
Gold, diamonds, rubber trees, copper, tin, peanuts, cocoa – but VERY FEW GOODS bought from Europeans by Africans
Dr. Livingston I presume?

21. Rise of Western Dominance
Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic

22. Rise of Western Dominance
Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism)
Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration
Russia– Reforms and Rebellions
Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization
China--Boxer Rebellion
Islamic and Chinese responses compared
Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

23. Rise of Western Dominance
Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration

24. Rise of Western Dominance
China—Boxer Rebellion
Empress Dowager Cixi and Chinese officials upset at the “Open Door Policy in China – Europe wanted to have all merchants of all nations be able to trade anywhere and they should have “spheres of influence” – awfully close to what’s happening in Africa. Compare to the Canton System. It protected US trading rights and China’s freedom from colonization, but the country was at the mercy of foreign powers
The Boxers were formed to protest foreign rule and privilege. In 1900, they descended on Beijing and kept the square under seige shouting “death to the foreign devils”. They were able to kill a lot of foreigners and then they were subdued after several months when a multinational force defeated them.

25. Diverse Interpretations
Modernization theory debates
Cause of serf and slave emancipation?
Nature of women’s roles at the time in industrial areas? In colonial societies? Elite versus lower class?
IR – capitalism vs. mercantilism
Capitalism, socialism and communism

26. Comparisons
Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases)
Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Mexican, and Chinese)
Reaction to foreign domination in Ottomans empire, China, India and Japan.

27. Ottomans- 19th century
Young Turk Revolutionaries
The Last Sultans

28. Comparisons Nationalism
Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin America and Africa
Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

29. European women 19th century
Queen Victoria’s
family
British family
in India
Russian peasant family

30. Conclusions
What are the global processes that are at play? Which have intensified? Diminished?
Predict how the events of the 19th century are a natural culmination of earlier developments.
Speculate what historical events in the 19th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras.