1. Genetic Engineering
Chapter 11 Section 1

2. Genetic Engineering
Artificially manipulating genes for practical purposes
Why?:
making insulin using bacteria
Creating insect repellent crops
Increasing milk, crop, or meat production

3. Food For Thought:

4. Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA Adds new traits
Combining DNA from two or more different organisms
Adds new traits

5. Plasmid Extra ring of DNA found in bacteria
Used as a “delivery mechanism” for genetic engineering.

6. Bacterial Plasmid

7. VECTOR:
A delivery method for the
gene of interest

8. Remember: DNA is DNA
The genetic code is universal; all organisms understand and use it.
Eg. Bacteria can transcribe and translate a human gene because it uses the same code a human cell uses.

9. 4 Basic Steps in Genetic Engineering
1. Cutting the DNA
using restriction enzymes
Specific DNA base sequences are found and “cut” apart on cut both the:
gene of interest (insulin)
Vector (plasmid)

10. After the Restriction Enzymes the DNA samples, the cut the ends are called “sticky ends”

11. 2. Making Recombinant DNA
gene of interest +
Vector DNA =
Recombinant DNA

12. “glues” the sections together
DNA ligase:
“glues” the sections together
Antibiotic resistance is also added to the DNA

13. Antibiotic resistance is also added to the DNA
This means an antibiotic drug, like penicillin, cannot kill the bacteria.
Why do that?

14. Petri Dish with Bacteria

15. Antibiotic Resistance
Bacteria grown in a culture (food) with an antibiotic
If plasmid was successful, the bacteria will not be killed by the antibiotic (the antibiotic resistance was also carried in on the plasmid)
Unsuccessful plasmid transfers will die.

17. 3. Gene Cloning Plasmid inserted back into Bacteria
Bacteria reproduces through
binary fission
When bacteria replicates, so does the plasmid.

18. Plasmid animation clip

19. 4. Screening
Cells that took up the vector of interest are separated away from those that did not because they also took up the antibiotic resistance.
The successful grow
The unsuccessful die.