1. Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C
How can we relate physiology and biomechanical topics to these sections?
1. Nutrition
Glycogen Loading ( to optimise chances for carbohydrate to be utilised as a primary energy source in long duration activities)
Pre-performance routines for carbohydrate loading (see attached guidelines rugby IQ info)
Hydration Electrolytes (improve decision making by increasing concentration via hydration)
These are useful for neural-muscular activity for generating action potentials (NA+ and K+ ions). Hence if the action potentials are slower then so are the muscular contractions.
General guidelines
ml of fluid 2-3 hrs prior
ml of fluid 15 min before exercise
During use isotonic drinks to maintain same amount of ions in blood stream (4-8%)
Rehydrate at ml/hr
After – Replace 150% of weight lost replace within 2hrs

2. Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C
2. Levers
Planes of motion (usually referencing these will add further credibility when analysing movements)
Sagittal plane with transverse axis (Splits body into left and right halves forwards and backwards movements)
This is for flexion and extension at knee for kicking and dorsiflexion or plantarflexion when sprinting.
Frontal plane and frontal axis (splits body into front and back halves, and describes side to side movements)
Generally adduction and abduction movements such as raising limbs to the side which occur
at the hip and the shoulder.
c) Transverse plane around a longitudinal axis (splits body into top and bottom halves).
Rotation movements such as pronation and supination (Wrist) or horizontal flexion and extension (Shoulder).

3. Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C
Reference these to add credibility to write up
Main Joint Actions
Flexion
Extension and hyperextension (Shoulder past 180 degrees)
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Pronation
Supination
Bones Major
Humerus
Radius (Top)
Ulna (Bottom)
Clavicle
Scapula
Metacarpals (carpals and phalanges)
Sternum
Femur
Patella
Tibula (Top Shin bone)
Fibula

4. Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C
Reference these to add credibility to write up
Muscles
Pectorals major
Lattismus dorsi
Deltoids
Tibialis anterior/posterior
Vastus Lateralis/medialias/intermedialis
Rectus Femoris
Bicep Femoris
Gastrocnemius
Biceps
Triceps

5. Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C
Levers
Fulcrum 1
Resistance 2
Effort 3
Where the letter is in the middle for each type of lever
1st Class Levers
Examples
Press ups/ Heading in football (Neck moving forwards/backwards)
Handing off in rugby
2nd Class Levers
Bones in foot act as lever. Joint at the ball of foot acting as a fulcrum
Gastrocnemius providing effort
Weight of body providing resistance
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion in running/kicking jumping and performing squats
3Rd Class Levers
Moment = Force x distance
Knee Joint Running/ jumping/ kicking
Use of Quadriceps and hamstrings