1. Clauses Vs. Phrases

2. What is a clause?
A clause is a group of words that contain BOTH a subject AND a verb.
There are two main types of clauses, an independent clause, and a dependent clause.

3. Independent Clauses
Independent clauses contain a subject AND a verb AND contain a complete thought.
Example: Jimmy ran.

4. Dependent Clauses
Dependent clauses contain BOTH a subject and a verb BUT NOT A COMPLETE THOUGHT. They are introduced with a subordinating conjunction such as: because, although, since, if, etc.
Example: Because Jimmy ran.

5. Types of Dependent Clauses
Noun
Adjective
Adverb

6. Noun Clauses These clauses act like a noun.
They are introduced with: what, where, why, how, where, when, who whom, which, whose, whether, that, if.
Examples:
He knows that his business will be successful.
That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.

7. Adjective Clauses These clauses act like adjectives.
They are introduced by: who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when.
Examples:
Men who are not married are called bachelors.
Last year we traveled to San Francisco, which is famous for its architecture.

8. Adverbial Clauses These clauses act like adverbs.
There several types of adverbial clauses; they can describe time, place, cause, result, purpose, condition, or they can be a concession.

9. Adverbial (time)
Subordinators: when, before, after, until, since, as soon as
Example: When he won the money, he decided to buy a car.

10. Adverbial (place) Subordinators: where, wherever
Example: She drove wherever she wanted.

11. Adverbial (cause) Subordinators: because, as, since
Example: She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally.

12. Adverbial (result) Subordinators: so ... that, such ... that
Example: He drove so fast that he got a speeding ticket.

13. Adverbial (purpose) Subordinators: so that, in order that
Example: He drove fast so that he could get to work on time.

14. Adverbial (condition)
Subordinators: if, unless
Example: If she hadn’t won the lottery, she would have been very unhappy.

15. Adverbial (concession)
Subordinators: although, even though
Example: Although she thought she was a good driver, she got a lot of tickets for speeding

16. What is a phrase?
A phrase is a group of words that DOES NOT contain BOTH a subject and a verb.

17. Types of Phrases Noun Phrases Participial Absolute Prepositional
Appositives
Gerunds
Infinitive
Participial
Absolute
Prepositional

18. Noun Phrases Noun phrases contain a noun and all of its modifiers.
There are three types of noun phrases:
Appositives
Gerunds
Infinitive

19. Appositives Appositives rename or describes another noun. Example:
One of eleven brothers and sisters, Harriet was a moody and willful child.
Bob, my best friend, works here.
The boy looked at them, big black ugly insects.

20. Gerund Phrases
Gerund phrases are noun phrases with a gerund (-ing). It functions as a noun or adjective
Example:
Juggling knives is not recommended as a relaxation technique. (subj)
I’m going for a long walk off a short pier. (sentence’s object)

21. Infinitive Phrases
Infinitive phrases use the infinitive form (to ____) and a verb as a basis of a modification of a root sentence.
Example:
He plans to see the movie. (sent. Obj)
I went to the store to buy some ice cream.(adverb modifying the verb went)
Infinitive phrases can also be used as adverbial or adjectival phrase.

22. Participial Phrases
Participial phrases have a participle (a verb based word acting as an adjective; cascading water, broken table, etc.)End in ing or ed.
Example:
Crushed to pieces by a sledgehammer, the computer no longer worked.
He saw her working at the restaurant.

23. Absolute Phrases
Absolute phrases are ALMOST complete sentences. They contain a subject, but are missing a verb.
Example:
My cake finally baking in the oven, I was free to rest for thirty minutes.
She returned to her bench, her face showing all the unhappiness that had suddenly overtaken her.
-An American Tragedy

24. Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases are phrases that contain a preposition at the beginning.
Example:
She sat around the house.
In the dark room, she felt all her old fears return.

25. Your Turn! Are these clauses or phrases? A boy and his dog.
Went to the store.
I had a soda.
The brown fox.
The brown fox and quick dog.
The boy laughed.
Someone stole my purse.
Stole my purse.

26. More!! When I go to the store. Suzie plays with her dog everyday.
Jonathan runs three miles a day.
Although I can’t see him.
After I go to the doctor.
Since I got an A on the test.
How do I get to the store?
With he dog.
To the store.