1. States of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass, takes up space (volume) and resists being moved (exhibits inertia).
Electricity, light and sound are NOT matter. Why not?

2. Electricity, light and sound are NOT matter. Why not?
Electricity, light and sound are not matter because they do not have mass or volume and they do not exhibit inertia.

3. Solids

4. Solids particles can’t flow but they can vibrate have fixed shape
have fixed volume
cannot be compressed

5. Liquids

6. Liquids particles can move and flow take the shape of their container
have a fixed volume
difficult to compress into a smaller space (shock absorbers in cars contain liquids compressed in tubes)

7. Gases

8. Gases particles behave randomly and are full of energy
will expand to fill up all available space
NO fixed volume
NO fixed shape
can be invisible

9. Gases
Gases can be compressed to fit in a smaller space!

10. States of Matter Volume and Shape

11. Plasmas
99% of all of the matter in the universe is made of plasma!

12. Plasmas created at a very high temperature
made of of freely moving charged particles called ions
ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons

13. Plasmas only natural plasma is created by lightning
found in neon lights, televisions, fluorescent bulbs

14. Solid → Liquid → Gas → Plasma

15. What would happen if you cooled atoms to the coldest possible temperature?
What is the coldest possible temperature?

16. (notice that there is no degree symbol with K)
What is the coldest possible temperature?
Absolute Zero
0 Kelvin = ºC = ºF
Outer Space = K
(notice that there is no degree symbol with K)

17. Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein
Bose developed the idea of the condensate and predicted its existence; however, no one would listen to him. He wrote to Einstein who liked Bose’s ideas. Scientists listened to Einstein so the idea of a possible new state of matter was accepted as a mathematical probability, although the technology of the day would not allow them to create it.

18. In the quest to cool substances to create a new state of matter, the Superconductor was discovered. These only exist in the lab.
- no electrical resistance
- no magnetic field
can carry an electric current forever with no loss of power (think of the possibilities!)
photo shows a magnet “floating” on a superconductor

19. In the quest to cool substances to create a new state of matter, the Superfluid was discovered. These only exist in the lab.
have no friction
photo shows liquid helium in a superfluid phase flowing
UP and OUT
of the container and dripping from the bottom

20. Superfluid fountain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCJ24176enM

21. Cascade Cooling was the solution needed to get cold enough to create a new state of matter in the laboratory.
NOVA | Reaching Ultra-Low Temperatures

22. In 1995, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman from the University of Colorado succeeded. They won the Nobel Prize in Physics in They named the new state of matter a Bose Einstein Condensate in honor of the two scientists who predicted its existence.

23. How cold?
Bose Einstein Condensate exists at 170 billionth of 1 Kelvin. At this temperature, atoms clump together to form a “super atom” or an “atom blob.” Atoms within a BEC behave more as a unified entity than as discrete individuals.

24. Studying an atom at room temperature is like trying to observe details of the city while inside a speeding taxi. An ultracold atom chilled in a laboratory to 200 microKelvin (about -460°F) moves slower than 1/2 mph. At slower speeds, features are more apparent, and researchers can confirm or negate hypotheses. The BECs created to date contain only about 10 million atoms, weighing far less than a gram.

25. Fermionic Condensate
This 6th state of matter was created in 2004 by Deborah Jin. It resembles a superfluid, while the BEC resembles a superconductor.

26. More States of Matter?
Degenerate matter – created under conditions of extreme pressure
Supersolids – solid with superfluid properties
String-net liquids – solids with atoms that have electrons that spin in the wrong direction
Superglass – superfluid and amorphous solid