1. Greece

2. Based on the map below, how does geography play a role in the development of Greece?

3. Geography of Greece Greece is mountainous!
Greek communities often times developed independently because of the mountains, thus they were diverse
As a result, they had their own government, laws, and customs.

4. The Emergence of Greek City-States

5. Greek Polis Around 800 BC, Greece stabilized! Polis- City State
Each polis was unique, and developed separately.
Acropolis- a walled “high area” containing fortifications and temples and located in the center of a polis
Agora- an open area that served as a meeting place & market in early Greek city-states
Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces.
The two major city-states were Athens and Sparta.

6. Athens was the first democracy.
Democracy: type of government where people vote.
Athens was a direct democracy where people vote on everything. However, only citizens could vote
Breakdown of Athenian Social Structure

7. Sparta Sparta was an oligarchy: rule by the few!
Sparta was ruled by two kings
Helots outnumbered Spartans 7 to 1! This was the main reason for the strict war-like society…
Breakdown of Spartan Social Structure

8. Sparta
Sparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens.
Great military, army feared by other nations.
Fighting Machines!
During the Peloponnesian War Sparta sacked Athens.

9. Greek Military This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier.
Hoplites were middle class freemen who had to pay for their own weapon and shield.

10. Greek Military: Phalanx
Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.
Was used in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The Athenians defeated the Persians with this tactic.

11. Greeks were Polytheistic!
Certain Gods were like “patron saints” of individual city-states. Corinth for example had the god Apollo, and Athens had Athena.

12. Group Work
You are to get 2 computers for your group. Make sure 2 people in your group can log into the computer system otherwise, you will have to use the book.
You are to make a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting Athens and Spartan society based on the reading located on my Wiki site.
Working in pairs you need to ensure your Venn covers social, government, legal, military, religious, and gender issues. You should have at least items in each part of your Venn.
We will share as a class.

13. The Golden Age of Greece

14. A Revolt leads to War! Persia wants all of Greece in their possession.
Certain Greek city-states in Ionia have come under Persian rule. Growing tensions erupt into a revolt. The revolt leads to a war of epic proportions between Greece and Persia.

15. Where is Persia?

16. The Beginnings of the Persian War (490 – 479 BC)
The cause of the Persian Wars started with the Ionian Revolt in started the war in 499 BC. Athens sent troops to support the cause!
The Persian put down the revolt easily, but the actions of Athens angered King Darius.
It took several years to get the full Persian army gathered, but he sent them to Greece in the year of 490 BC.

17. The Major Battles of the Persian War
The First Invasion
Battle of Marathon (490 BC)– Persians landed on the shores at Marathon, and the Greeks heard of this and rushed to meet the Persians.
Greeks used the military tactic, the phalanx.
Victory for Greeks!
Significance of Marathon
Greeks fight off a clearly more powerful enemy, and after this Greece becomes a dominant power in the ancient world.
Historical Origins of a Sport: Ask students what is a marathon? mile run…why? Phiddipides ran from Marathon to Athens to report the battle results, and in the myth upon reporting a victory he died from exhaustion.

18. Why does the phalanx work so well?
Herodotus states, of the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon, that "They were the first Greeks we know of to charge their enemy at a run". Many historians believe that this innovation was precipitated by their desire to minimize their losses from Persian archery. Also the Greeks had two other side flanks putting pressure on the sides of the Persian formation.

19. The Major Battles of the Persian War cont…
The Second Invasion- In 486 BC Darius died but in 480 BC, Xerxes (Darius’ son) sent more powerful force by land.
Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) – Victory for Persians
Delayed by Spartans
Athens captured & burned
Battle of Salamis
Themistocles tricks Xerxes into leading his ships into the narrow straight of Salamis. Persian ships are to big and are slow to maneuver.
Persians defeated by Athenian navy
Battle of Plataea (479 BC) Persian army defeated at Plataea

20. Aftermath of the Persian War
Persia wasn’t as much of a threat to the Greeks, but the Delian League was created just as a safe-guard.
Delian League was a band of city-states that sought to maintain defense against Persia.
Treasury was on the Island of Delos
Athens starts growing more powerful because it was the lead city-state in the league.
Athens begins to conquer neighboring city-states
Treasury money used to rebuild Athens, at the other city-states displeasure.
30 years peace, agreement made by all Greek city-states. (This doesn’t last long!)
Makings of the Peloponnesian War start here with the Delian League, and as Athens grows more powerful there are fewer city-states to challenge them.

21. Makings of a Greek Civil War!
As Athens overstepped its bounds on numerous occasions.
Built Long Walls
Used treasury money to rebuild city
Forced Delian League membership
Sparta headed the Peloponnesian League, and tension mounted once again. Only this time the Greeks were battling each other.
Athens building of “long walls” walls that wrapped completely around the city-state and the harbor city

22. The Peloponnesian War (431- 404 BC)
First Phase
Athenian advantage: Large Athenian Naval Fleet
Sea Battle Advantage
Spartan advantage: Honed warrior society
Land Battle Advantage

23. Athenian Long Walls

24. The Plague Emerges in Athens
Pericles, a skilled politician came up with the idea to retreat within the city walls of Athens.
Unfortunately, sanitation problems grew in the city and many people started showing signs of illness.
Pericles dies from this mysterious illness
Athens is crippled, and a truce was formed in 421 BC.
Historians have long tried to identify the disease behind the Plague of Athens. The disease has traditionally been considered an outbreak of the bubonic plague in its many forms, but re-considerations of the reported symptoms and epidemiology have led scholars to advance alternative explanations. These include typhus, smallpox, measles, and toxic shock syndrome Others have suggested anthrax, tramped up from the soil by the thousands of stressed refugees or concentrated livestock held within the walls.
"Epidemic typhus fever is the best explanation," said Dr. David Durack

25. The End of the Peloponnesian War
Second Phase: Athens strengthens and fights Sparta at the naval Battle of Aegospotami.
Athens losses 90% of ships
Sparta cuts trade lines and Athens can’t recover from this deadly blow
Significance
Athens never regains former glory of the Golden Age.
Allows a Macedonian king to gain importance, and Phillip II of Macedon will conquer all of Greece.

26. Part Two: Greek Achievements

27. Warm up
Looking back at your notes from yesterday think of at least 1 contribution the Greeks made to history that has impacted Western culture to this day.

28. Nature of Athenian Democracy
Three main bodies:
Assembly- all citizens eligible to take part in government
The Council of 500- wrote the laws that would be voted on by the Assembly
Complex Court Systems- 6,000 people from the Assembly would hear trials and sentence criminals.

29. Definition of Athenian Citizen
Only free men over the age of 30 who completed military training.
Only about 10% of population could participate in government affairs.
Vote in all elections
Serve in office if elected
Serve on juries
Serve in military during war

30. Overview of Athenian Democracy
Important Aristocrats (Noblemen)
Draco- reformed laws
He believed that harsh punishment would solve unrest. Rich/Poor gap grew!
Solon- revised Draco’s laws
Overturn harshest laws:
Debt Slavery abolished
Allowed ALL men to participate in the Assembly, not all can hold office.
“Early in its history, Athens was ruled by several kings.” page 135 It’s first King was the mythical Theseus (from the Minotaur Tale), or his father Agesus. “Later the kings were replaced by aristocrats who had both money and power.” page 135
Peisistratus was an interesting guy. Attempts to power> (1) Claimed Aristocracy beat him up (Failed), (2) Marriage alliance (Failed), (3) Mercenaries hired (Success)>>> He ruled for 20 years and died of natural causes. Policies: Economy improves, Patron of the Arts: Iliad and Odyssey written during his reign.
Sons: Hippias and Hipparchus

31. Greek Philosophy Three Greatest Greek Philosophers Socrates Plato
Sought truths about broad concepts such as truth, justice, and virtue
Plato
Most famous work is, the Republic.
Timaeus and Critias (speak of Atlantis)
Aristotle
Used logic and reason to study the natural world.
Reason- is clear and ordered thinking
Logic- the process of making inferences
Taught Alexander the Great

32. Greek Architecture Parthanon Columns Dedicated to Goddess Athena Doric
Ionic
Corinthian

33. Greek Drama
Tragedies, plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
Comedies, humorous plays that mocked people or customs.
Aristophanes

34. Greek Art
Statues very lifelike and active.

35. History & Science History Medicine
Herodotus “first historian” or “father of history”
Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.
Medicine
Hippocrates & the Hippocratic Oath – all patients must be treated regardless of class