1. Early Greece

2. Mycenaeans Civilization
“Historians consider the Mycenaeans the first Greeks, because they spoke a form of the Greek language.”
While the Mycenaeans copied many aspects of the Minoans they were sharply different.
They were more war-like
Trojan War in Homer’s Iliad (Trojan Horse)
Powerful Kings dominated city-states
Built monuments like the Lion’s Gate
Myth of the Trojan War in Homer’s Iliad was verified by Heinrich Schiemann when he discovered Troy.

3. Downfall to Dark Ages
Many theories exist on why the Mycenaeans failed, but some include:
Drought and Famine
Invasion by the “Sea Peoples”
Collapse of Trade
The Greek Dark Ages (1200 – 800 BC)
Decrease in population
Towns and cities were abandoned
Writing and Trade ceased

4. The Emergence of Greek City-States

5. Geography of Greece Greece is mountainous!
Greek communities often times developed independently because of the mountains, thus they were diverse
As a result, they had their own government, laws, and customs.

6. Greek Polis Around 800 BC, Greece stabilized! Polis- City State
Each polis was unique, and developed separately.
Acropolis- a walled “high area” containing fortifications and temples and located in the center of a polis
Agora- an open area that served as a meeting place & market in early Greek city-states
Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces.
The two major city-states were Athens and Sparta.

7. Athens was the first democracy.
Democracy: type of government where people vote.
Athens was a direct democracy where people vote on everything. However, only citizens could vote
Breakdown of Athenian Social Structure
Adult Male Citizens with political rights
Women, children with no political rights
Non-citizens, slaves, resident foreigners

8. Sparta Sparta was an oligarchy: rule by the few!
Sparta was ruled by two kings
Helots outnumbered Spartans 7 to 1! This was the main reason for the strict war-like society…
Breakdown of Spartan Social Structure
Spartiates
Perioeci (Perioikoi)
Helots

9. Sparta
Sparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens.
Great military, army feared by other nations.
Fighting Machines!
During the Peloponnesian War Sparta sacked Athens.

10. Greek Military This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier.
Hoplites were middle class freemen who had to pay for their own weapon and shield.

11. Greek Military: Phalanx
Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.
Was used in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The Athenians defeated the Persians with this tactic.

12. Greeks were Polytheistic!
Certain Gods were like “patron saints” of individual city-states. Corinth for example had the god Apollo, and Athens had Athena.

13. Where is Persia?

14. Part Two: Greek Achievements

15. Nature of Athenian Democracy
Three main bodies:
Assembly- all citizens eligible to take part in government
The Council of 500- wrote the laws that would be voted on by the Assembly
Complex Court Systems- 6,000 people from the Assembly would hear trials and sentence criminals.
The Archon- served as chief of state (9 elected)
Head of both the Council of 500 and Assembly, elected for one year term

16. Definition of Athenian Citizen
Only free men over the age of 30 who completed military training (10%).
Only about 10% of population could participate in government affairs.
Vote in all elections
Serve in office if elected
Serve on juries
Serve in military during war

17. Greek Philosophy Three Greatest Greek Philosophers Socrates Plato
Sought truths about broad concepts such as truth, justice, and virtue
Plato
Most famous work is, the Republic.
Timaeus and Critias (speak of Atlantis)
Aristotle
Used logic and reason to study the natural world.
Reason- is clear and ordered thinking
Logic- the process of making inferences
Taught Alexander the Great

18. Greek Architecture Parthenon Columns Dedicated to Goddess Athena Doric
Ionic
Corinthian

19. Greek Drama
Tragedies: plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
Comedies: humorous plays that mocked people or customs.
Aristophanes

20. Greek Art
Statues very lifelike and active.

21. History & Science History Medicine
Herodotus “first historian” or “father of history”
Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.
Medicine
Hippocrates & the Hippocratic Oath – all patients must be treated regardless of class