1. CHAPTER 9 JOINTS

2. Articulations - places of union between two or more bones

3. FIBROUS JOINTS Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue No synovial cavity –Sutures –Syndesmoses –gomphoses

4. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS Bones held together by cartilage No synovial cavity –Synchondroses –Symphyses

5. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Bones connected by dense irregular connective tissue of articular capsule also by accessory ligaments Synovial cavity is present

6. Fibrous Joints

7. Cartilaginous Joints

8. Joints- based on degree of movement Synarthroses - no movement Amphiarthroses - slight movement Diarthroses - freely movable

9. Suture - skull Synchondroses - epiphyseal plate - temporary Gomphosis - teeth in socket Synarthroses - no movement

13. Symphyses - ex. Pubic symphysis Syndesmoses - ex. Tibia and fibula connected by ligaments Amphiarthroses - slight movement

15. ball and socket condyloid hinge saddle pivot gliding Diarthroses - freely movable

16. Synovial joint articular capsule (fibrous and synovial) synovial fluid articular cartilage articular discs - menisci

20. Movements of Synovial Joints

25. Bursae Sac or sac-like cavity, lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid

26. Factors affecting ROM Structure / shape of articulating bones Strength & tension (tautness) of joint ligamens Arrangement & tension of muscles Contact of soft parts Hormones disuse

27. Joints to know in detail - shoulder elbow hip Knee tmj

28. Temporomandibular joint

31. Shoulder joint

34. Elbow Joint

37. Hip Joint

40. Knee Joint

46. Knee Joint Movements

47. Knee

48. Knee injury

49. Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints Sprain Cartilage injuries Luxation Inflammatory and Degenerative conditions Bursitis Tendonitis Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gouty arthritis

50. Arthritis - inflammation of joints

51. Rheumatoid Arthritis Painful, crippling, autoimmune Four stages: 1. Inflammation of the synovium 2. Formation of pannus (abnormal granulation tissue) 3. Fibrous ankylosis 4. Bony ankylosis

52. Osteoarthritis Degenerative arthritis result of use softening of cartilage separation of fibers disintegration of cartilage eburnation

53. Gouty Arthritis synovium inflamed repeat attacks urate deposits Metabolic disorder