1. Elements
Pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
More than 100 elements

2. Each element unique chemical symbol
Consists of 1-2 letters
First letter is always capitalized

3. Atoms
The simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element
Our understanding of the structure of atoms based on scientific models, not observation

4. The Protons
All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons
Number of protons called the atomic number
Number of protons balanced by an equal number of negatively charged electrons

5. The Neutrons
The number varies slightly among atoms of the same element
Different number of neutrons produces isotopes of the same element

6. The Electrons Negatively charged high energy particles
Travel at very high speeds

7. Atomic Mass Periodic Table
The atomic mass of an atom is found by adding the number of protons & neutrons in an atom
Periodic Table
Elements are arranged by their
atomic number(# of protons) on the
Periodic Table

9. Compounds
A compound is a pure substance made up of atoms of two or more elements

10. Molecules are the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of the substance and exists in a free state
Some molecules are large and complex

11. Chemical Formulas
Subscript after a symbol tell the number of atoms of each element
H20 has 2 atoms of hydrogen & 1 atom of oxygen
Coefficients before a formula tell the number of molecules
3O2 represents 3 molecules of oxygen or (3x2) or 6 atoms of oxygen

12. Covalent Bonds
Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Video

13. Ionic Bonds Some atoms become stable by losing or gaining electrons
Atoms that lose electrons are called positive ions
Video

14. Ions Ions are atoms with either extra electrons or missing electrons.
A normal atom is called a neutral atom.
That term describes an atom with a number of electrons equal to the atomic number.

15. pH Scale
logarithmic scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution
ranges from 0 to 14
Each pH is 10X stronger than next
e.g. ph 1 is 10 times stronger than ph 2

16. pH Scale continued An Acid contains an excess of H+ hydrogen ions
A base contains an excess of OH-hydroxide ions.
On the pH scale Acids are 0-6 and Bases are 8-14.
What is 7?

17. the lower the pH the stronger the acid
the higher the pH the stronger the base
pH 7.0 is neutral

18. Buffers Control of pH is very important
Most enzymes function only within a very narrow pH
Control is accomplished with buffers made by the body
Buffers keep a neutral pH (pH 7)

19. Buffers neutralize small amounts of either an acid or base added to a solution
Complex buffering systems maintain the pH values of your body’s many fluids at normal and safe levels

20. Organic vs. Inorganic Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen combination
Ex) water, salts (NaCl, KCl)
Organic substances always contain both carbon and hydrogen

21. Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

22. Carbohydrates
Elements that make up carbs: C H O; Always 2:1 ratio between H and O
Function of carbs
Main energy source
Structural component: cell walls, insects exoskeleton
Used by cells to recognize other cells: receptors

23. Carbohydrate

25. Monomer of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: one sugar: ex: Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical formula = C6H12O6
Polymers
Disaccharides: two monomers: ex: sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides: many monomers: ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

26. Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

27. Lipids Examples: Fats, Waxes and Oils
(Mostly C & H); no ratio between H and O
Function of lipids
Stored energy
Structural components

29. Lipids are also made of Monomers: 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
Two types of lipids
Saturated: contains max. # H atoms.
Unsaturated: contains some C=C bonds.

30. A Representative Fatty Acid

31. Proteins Elements of proteins: C, H, O, N Functions
Control rate of reactions
Regulates cell processes (enzymes)
Building materials (collagen & elastin, coloration pigments)
Fight disease (antibodies)

33. Building blocks of proteins
amino acids (AA): are monomers or building blocks of proteins
The protein is the Polymers:
proteins are also called polypeptides
One bonded to another AA
Peptide bonds are used to bond one amino acid to another to form proteins
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA
Draw an AA, R=H----glycine; R=CH3---alanine

34. A large protein chain made of small amino acids
Go to Section:

35. Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Go to Section:

36. Some Amino Acids

37. Nucleic Acids Elements of nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P
Function of nucleic acids
Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks to our genetic code (DNA)
Monomers of nucleic acids are called Nucleotides
Three nucleotides of nucleic acids are:
5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Polymer
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Polynucleotide held together covalently

38. The 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our hereditary info.
directs all cell activities
1st identified as double helix 1953 by Watson and Crick
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes hereditary info. (copies DNA) to make a protein the body needs
* this means that proteins determine the nature and activities of the cell

40. The Nucleotide All nucleotides are identical
The only difference is the type of nitrogenous base they have.
There are 4 types: Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine.
These bases pair up in a specific way to make the rungs of the DNA Double Helix.

41. Review Macromolecules
Carbohydrates-
Made up of sugars
Proteins
Made up of amino acids
Lipids
Fatty acid and glycerol
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids C, H, O, N, P

42. Energy and Chemical Reactions
Living things undergo thousands of chemical reactions as part of the life process

43. Certain chemical substances (catalysts) can speed up or slow down a reaction.
Biological catalysts are called enzymes
If it ends in ase it is an enzyme.

44. Enzymes are an important class of catalysts in living organisms
Mostly protein
Thousands of different kinds
Each specific for a different chemical reaction

45. Enzyme Structure Enzymes work on substances called substrates
Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the active site
Enzymes are reusable!
End in –ase
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase

46. Enzymes
Video

47. Active Site
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.
Enzyme
Substrate
Active Site

48. Enzyme Action Enzyme-Substrate Complex
substrates – the reacting molecules; the substance(s) that the enzyme works on,
active site – that portion of the enzyme into which the reacting molecules fit
product – the substance that results from the enzymatic activity

49. Lock + Key- refers to how the active site + substrate fits together
there is only one key to a lock
there is only one substrate to an active site

50. Enzyme video
Animation

51. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Go to Section:

52. To add- products, reactants importance of water
To add- products, reactants importance of water. Hydrolysis dehydration synth