1. Chapter 10 A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
Stages of Postclassical Development
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis

2. The Post Classical Period in western European History is also known as The Middle Ages
Medieval Europe 500 to 1450 CE

3. Changes in Western Europe
From c.e. western europe encountered several problems:
Disruption of Trade--Merchants faced invasions from land and sea => hard to have governments and an economy
Rome center of Catholic Church
Spain was in the hands of Muslims
France and Germany were not civilized

4. Changes in Western Europe
People turned to church for order and security.
Germanic people called the Franks were led by Clovis, who converted to Christianity.
The Church adapts to the rural conditions of Western Europe.
The Church built religious communities called monasteries
=> Christianity became the unifying factor
The post classical ear was a great age of FAITH p. 220
p Clovis converted to christianity 496 to gain prestige over rivals that were pagan
P details of monasteries services

5. Symbols of Christianity
Notre Dame
Cathedral of Chartres

6. Notre Dame: Gothic Architecture

8. Notre Dame 1200

10. Cathedral of Chartres:
Gothic Architecture

19. The Feudalism and Manorialism
The feudal system provided “order and stability”. Lords exchanged land for military service.
The manorial system provided for an economy that was based on farming and being self-sufficient on the manor.
Feudalism p. 226
Manorialism p

20. Lesser Lords (Vassals)
The Feudal System
King
Military Service
&
Labor
Loyalty
Lords
Lesser Lords (Vassals)
Land
&
Protection
Manors are owned by Lords
Systems co-existed
Implemented throughout europe
Knights
Peasants (Serfs)

21. Key moments in European Feudalism
Starts in Frankish Kingdom 8th century
The Normans took it to England in 1066
Feudalism spread with the Frankish conquests into northern Italy, Spain, and Germany and later into the Slavic territories. The Normans took it to England in 1066 and to southern Italy and Sicily a few years later. From England, feudalism spread to Scotland and to Ireland. Finally the Near Eastern territories that the crusaders conquered were organized feudally.

22. Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The manor was the lord’s estate.
The manor system was an economic arrangement between a lord and his serfs.
The lord would provide serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits.
In return, the serfs tended the lord’s lands, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks to maintain the estate.
The manor was largely a self-sufficient community.

23. Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

24. The Franks Carolingians part of the house of Franks
In 732 Charles Martel, part of the Carolingnian line defeats Muslims-battle of Tours
Preserves Europe for Christianity
In 800 Another significant Carolingnian Charles the Great or Charlemagne => empire in France and Germany
See map on page 224

25. Charlemagne
He is the best known Medieval King who ruled over a large empire in what is now France, Germany and parts of Italy.
Charlemagne encouraged learning and set up schools.
He also rescued the Pope from Roman attackers, thereby spreading his empire and Christianity.
His death in 814 marked the beginning of regional monarchies which would eventually become nations
p. 224 entire page
His death truly ended the Franks dominance
Holy roman emperors- blend christianity and politics

28. The High Middle Ages
Formation of Western Europe to 1500 AD

29. “Prosperity” 900-1500 Stronger regional governments
Improved agriculture
=> Population growth => economic innovation ^ and growth of towns => new markets
Urabanization ^
Feudal system starts providing stability => William the Conqueror exemplies this
P 225
P226 growth of feudal system took several centuries
“stability” for who? The conqueror

30. Limits of feudalism Not all regions shared equal power
Regional kingdoms in constant competition
Aristocracies and monarchs were constant rivals
As monarchs continued to abuse their power
Magna carta and parliaments are created to limit the power of kings
=> “limited government”
France v England
Magna carta 1215
Parliaments late 1200s, spain created a parliament in 1000
Not limited government in the modern sense
See map p 228 kings managed to get around laws/rules

31. Power struggle
As France and England emerged as two of the most dominant powers
Land dispute arose
War erupts ( )
In the meantime…as Europe is progressing => they also want to expand
Why do they want to expan?

32. In the name of Christianity Germany pushes eastward Spain “Reconquest”
Population growth
Longing for Roman past
In the name of Christianity
Germany pushes eastward
Spain “Reconquest”
P 223 preserve christianity
Germany east germany and poland
Spain reconquista
Vikings to north

33. Most dramatic movement

34. The Crusades: Win Back Holy Land
Muslim Seljuk Turks conquered nearly all Byzantine provinces in Asia Minor.
In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by the Seljuk Turks.
In 1093, Byzantine emperor Alexius I wrote a letter to Pope Urban II asking him and western Europe to join his war against the Muslim Turks, so that the Holy Land could be controlled by Christians once again.

35. Beginnings of the Crusades
The letter to the pope begged for help, so that the Holy Sepulcher, Christ’s tomb in Jerusalem, would not be destroyed.
1095 at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II declared a holy war in the East and the Truce of God in the West.
Holy war, to help the Byzantine Empire, to assert his own leadership, and for PEACE among Christians in western Europe.
He promised forgiveness of sins and heaven to anyone who fought against Muslims.

36. The Crusades
The First Crusade consisted mostly of poor people, including serfs, who lacked supplies, equipment, weapons, and training.
In 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, or die.
Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims reconquered Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.
3rd crusade King Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin agreed to a peace treaty.

38. The Crusades Continue…
In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders attacked and plundered Constantinople, the city they had originally come to protect!
The crusades showed that europe was not yet a world power.

39. Church Struggles As the middle ages progressed
Church grows => wealthy
possibility for abuse
13th century flowering => Franciscans…help the POOR
other reforms…priests cannot marry…stop investiture
P 230 Saint Claire of Assisi
P 231 investiture state cannot appoint bishops => BIRTH of IDEA of Separation of Church and State

40. Revival of Learning: Faith vs. Reason
Church doctrine is challenged: Clairvaux vs. Abelard
Scholar, Thomas Aquinas, argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.-- Influenced by Aristotle.
Scholasticism-use of logic/reason to study God
The churchs’ influence
=> created many devoted Christians
=> veneration of Mary and worship of saints
Religion was reflected in art and literature: Cathedrals
P 233
We saw earlier the cathedrals roman then GOTHIC
USED TO SERVE THE GLORY OF GOD p233

41. Economic Changes and Reforms
Culture (particularly religion) => cement for western society

42. Economic Revolution Start producing goods => Trade ^
Manorialism loosens its hold on peasants
Banking is introduced
Trade + Banking = Capitalism
We also see the birth of GUILDS => “protect against capitalism
p. 236

43. Decline-Devastion
The Hundred Years War took its toll on both England and France => French victory
Agriculture can’t keep up with POP ^
Black Death 1348
Politics grow Religious devotion declines
=> New Social Structure
p. 238
Any questions

44. Farming Improvements:
Use of horses instead of oxen. Horses could plow twice as much as an oxen in a day.
The Three Field System emerges. Enables people to use 2/3 of their 600 acres of farmland instead of just 1/2.
Field 1: 200 acres for a winter crop such as wheat or rye.
Field 2: 200 acres for a spring crop such as oats, barley, peas, or beans.
Field 3: 200 acres lay fallow for animals to graze. X

45. England Develops

46. England Develops
By the early 800s, there were many small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms throughout the former Roman province Britain.
For centuries, invaders from various regions in Europe landed on English shores. Many of them stayed, bringing their own ways and changing English culture.
800’s -- Danish Vikings invaded. It wasn’t until Alfred the Great, king from , managed to turn back the Vikings.
Alfred united the kingdoms of Britain under one rule, calling it England (“Land of the Angles”).

48. England Develops Fight Night!!
Champion: Harold Godwinson (Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne)
Challenger: William duke of Normandy (Became known as William the Conqueror)
Event: Oct. 14, the Normans and Saxons fought the battle that changed the course of English history. (Battle of Hastings)
Decision: Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye, the Normans won a decisive victory. William laid the foundation for centralized government. (William grants fiefs to 200 Norman Lords in exchange for a pledge of a loyalty.)

49. England Develops
King Henry rules from 1154 to (He is a descendent of William the conqueror.)
Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a wife to two kings and a mother to two kings.
Henry strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year.
They collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes.

50. England Develops
King Henry also introduced the use of the jury in English courts. A jury in medieval Europe was a group of loyal people—usually 12 neighbors of the accused—who answered a royal judges questions about the facts of a case.
Jury trials became a popular means of settling disputes. Only the king’s court was allowed to conduct them.

51. England Develops
King Henry was succeeded first by his son Richard the Lion-Hearted, hero of the Third Crusade.
When Richard died, his younger brother John took the throne.
John was an extremely poor king. The last straw was when he raised taxes. The nobles revolted.
John was forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter). This guaranteed the nobles certain basic political rights. Put a limit on the king’s powers.

52. England Develops

53. England Develops
King Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against the French in 1295.
King Edward I summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a Parliament, or legislative group.

54. England Develops Two groups gradually formed in Parliament:
House of Commons (Knights & Burgesses)
House of Lords (Nobles & Bishops)
At first Parliament was meant to be a tool to weaken the great lords. As time went by, however, Parliament became strong.
Like the Magna Carta, it provided a check on royal power.

55. Bubonic Plague See Page 358