1. Planned Cities on the Indus
Chapter 2 section 3
Page 42

2. Review- chapter 2 section 2
Which country is the Nile River located in?
Egypt
Which sea does the Nile river empty into?
The Mediterranean
What do Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt refer to?
elevation

3. More review Who built the pyramids? Peasants
Kings were also considered gods and were called?
Pharaohs
How many days and months was the Egyptian calendar based on?
365 days, 12 months

4. Geography of South Asia
In India, another civilization developed around 2500 B.C.
Don’t know much about it’s orgins, or why the civilization declined
But do know that many characteristics of the Indian culture today can be traced to early civilization

5. Geography of South Asia
A large wall of mountains separate South Asia from rest of the continent
Some geographers refer to this area (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh) as a subcontinent

6. Fertile plain formed by 2 rivers- the Indus and the Ganges (GAN-jeez)
2 rivers and lands they water make up large area stretching 1500 miles across India called the Indus-Ganges Plain
Southern part of India is a peninsula- thrusting into the Indian Ocean

7. Monsoons Seasonal winds dominate India’s climate
October-May, winter monsoons blow dry air from northeast across country
In June, winds shift, and spring monsoons bring moisture from the ocean

8. Indian Monsoons

9. Flooding in India

10. Environmental Challenges
Indus River, like the Nile and Tigris, had yearly floods
Spread deposits of rich soil over a wide area
But the floods were unpredictable, and sometimes the Indus river changed its course
Wet and dry seasons of monsoons posed problems

11. The Problem with Rain
If too much rain, floods swept away whole villages
If too little rain, plants withered in the fields and people went hungry

12. Worlds tallest mountain to the north, and large desert provided natural barriers from invasion
River allowed valley people to develop trade with different peoples, including the Mesopotamians

13. Civilization Emerges on the Indus
Indus valley larger area than Mesopotamia or Egypt
Nobody is sure how settlement began in India, can’t decipher writing system, but there is evidence of agriculture and domesticated sheep and goats dating to 7000 B.C.
By 3200 B.C. people were farming in villages along the Indus River

14. Planned Cities
2500 B.C. people in Indus Valley were laying bricks for India’s first cities
Found the ruins of more than 100 settlements along the Indus
Laid out cities on a precise grid system
Featured a fortified area called citadel, holding major buildings of a city
Had separate residential districts

15. Toilets back then
Early engineers created sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems
See page 44

16. Culture and Trade
Social divisions not that great judging by uniform housing
Clay and wooden toys suggest a comfortable society that could afford to produce non essential items

17. Religion Religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture
Religious figures found relate to:
mother goddess
fertility images
worship of cattle
representations of Shiva

18. Indus Seals
Stamps and seals made of carved stone were used by merchants to identify goods
Shows us that Indus people conducted long distance trade

19. Mysterious End
1750 B.C. quality of buildings declined and cities fell into decay
No one is sure why
Some historians think :
*Indus River changed course and floods no
longer fertilizing the field
* people overused the land, overgrazed, over
farmed, over cut, etc
* Residents may have abandoned the city
after a natural disaster or an attack

20. End of Civilization