1. PHARMACY TECHNICIAN
CHAPTER THIRTY

2. The female reproductive system.
Figure 30.1
The female reproductive system.

3. Female Reproductive System
Composed of internal organs and external genitals
Internal reproductive organs are:
Two ovaries
Two fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitals are known together as the vulva. The vulva consists of:
Labia minora
Labia majora
Clitoris

4. Male Reproductive System
Composed of external genitals and gonads, and internal organs
External genitals and gonads are the penis and testes
Internal organ is the prostate

5. Female Reproductive Function
The function of the female reproductive system is to conceive and bear children
Governed by the menstrual cycle, which consists of two stages:
Ovulation—prepares an oocyte for fertilization
Menstruation—dissolves the unfertilized oocyte and sheds uterine lining
Hormones that govern the female reproductive system are the estrogenic hormones
Estriol - Estrone - Estradiol

6. Male Reproductive Function
The function of the male reproductive system is to deliver sex cells to the female
Fertility in the male begins with the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus
GnRH instructs the pituitary gland to manufacture FSH and LH
FSH causes sperm production
LH stimulates production of testosterone

7. Infertility
Defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse
May be caused by either or both sex partners
In women, can be treated with antiestrogenic drugs
Stimulates pituitary production of FSH and LH
Boosts follicle growth and the release of eggs
In men, infertility can be treated with
Antibiotics—if infertility is caused by infection
Antihistamines—block mast cells that reduce sperm quality
Anti-erectile dysfunction agents—may enhance fertility by increasing sperm motion and capacitation

8. Infertility (cont.) In men, infertility can be treated with
Bromocriptine—used to reduce excess prolactin manufactured by the pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)—beneficial for men with gonadotropin deficiency and hypogonadism; good for restoring sperm production after chemotherapy

9. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
The major cause of infertility worldwide
Symptoms of the reproductive system include:
Scarring
Abscess formation
Tubal damage
Treatment is with anti-infectives

10. Infertility From Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Affects both males and females
Viral STDs (genital herpes, HIV)
Symptoms managed with medication
Cannot be cured
Bacterial STDs (gonorrhea, chlamydia)
Curable with antibiotics
Fungal and parasitic diseases
Curable with antifungal and anthelminthic agents, respectively

11. Erectile Dysfunction Inability to sustain an erection for penetration
Many causes, including stress and poor health
Treated with:
Levitra® (vardenafil)
Cialis® (tadalafil)
Viagra® (sildenafil)

12. Benign Orostatic Hyperplasia
Noncancerous growth or enlargement of the prostate gland
Treated with alpha-adrenergic blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
Alpha-adrenergic blockers relax smooth muscle tissue in the bladder neck and prostate, which increases urinary flow
5-alpha reductase inhibitors prevent the conversion of testosterone to the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT