1. SFC AUSTIN
JOINT OPERATIONS

2. Does the US Army fight alone?
C.E. Ask the students the following question: Does the US Army fight alone? Some students will say , “Yes” in a joking manner to discredit the Air Force and elicit some snickers but you should try to bring into the conversation about how multiforces combine their specialties to bring about strategic and operational advantage. For instance, the Army needs the Air Force and Navy to haul large amounts of equipment, supplies, and soldiers. The Army needs the aircraft and support of the Air Force to contribute to the mission. Many examples may be provided.
Use their answers to lead to the purpose of their research and briefings is to share information about the roles, functions, capabilities, and limitations of other US DOD services, other US agencies, and conducting operations with other nations.
Also Tie in U.S. and Multinational History – IE the french and the U.S.

3. Or Does the US Army fight with all Branches of the service

4. JP 3-0 –Joint Operations Why is Joint Doctrine important?
Provides overarching guidance and fundamental principles for the employment of the Armed Forces of the United States
What is Joint Operations?
Joint operations is the general term to describe military actions conducted by joint forces and those Service forces in specified command relationships with each other.
Joint Publication (JP) 3-0 is the keystone document in the joint operations series.
JP 3-0 It provides guidance to joint force commanders (JFCs) and their subordinates for planning, preparing, executing, and assessing joint military operations.
Although individual Services may accomplish tasks and missions in support of Department of Defense (DOD) objectives, the primary way DOD employs two or more Services (from two Military Departments) in a single operation, particularly in combat, is through joint operations.

5. How are joint forces organized
Although there are many considerations the force can be broken down into three primary areas
Force HQ
Operational area
Why are the forces organized like this?
control

6. Notional Joint Force Headquarters and Cross-Functional Staff Organization

7. Big factors for helping the JFC
Operational environment
- The composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander
Factors include?

8. Physical Areas and Factors
The pertinent physical areas in the operational environment
Environment physical areas include:
operational area, area of influence, area of interest
What do operational areas include?
What is an area of influence?
What is an area of interest?

9. Physical Factors Navy Seal Cannons?
What physical factors must the JFC consider?
Terrain, land, sea, air, cyber space. These factors include terrain (including urban
settings), weather, topography, hydrology, EMS, and other environmental conditions in
the operational area; distances associated with the deployment to the operational area and
employment of joint capabilities; the location of bases, ports, and other supporting
infrastructure; and both friendly and enemy forces and other capabilities. Combinations
of these factors greatly affect operations and sustainment.
c. Information Environment. The information environment is a gl
Navy Seal Cannons?

10. Strategic Environment
What is the strategic environment?
Is an environment with uncertainty, complexity, and rapid change, which requires persistent engagement.
Changing Alliances, Partnerships,
New National threats to include irregular warfare, terrorism , and WMD
National Security challenges to the Strategic Environment.
1. A secure US homeland is the Nation’s first priority.
2. Deterring our adversaries is a US goal.
3. Defending national interests.
4. Establishing, maintaining, and enhancing security cooperation among our alliances and partners is important to strengthen the global security framework.
5. United States will continue to respond to a variety of civil crises by acting to relieve human suffering and restoring civil functioning.
Is characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and rapid change, which requires persistent engagement. This environment is fluid, with continually changing alliances, partnerships, and new national and transnational threats constantly appearing and disappearing. In addition to traditional conflicts, to include emerging peer competitors, significant challenges continue to include irregular warfare (IW), catastrophic terrorism employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and threats to disrupt the Nation’s ability to project power and maintain its qualitative edge.

11. How do joint forces align
JFC organizes the force to accomplish the mission based on the intent and the CONOPS
When JFCs organize their forces, they should also consider
interoperability with multinational forces and interaction with other potential
interorganizational partners. Complex or unclear command relationships
organizations are counterproductive to synergy among multinational forces.
Simplicity and clarity of expression are essential.

12. Types of Operations
Operations conducted by forces of two or more nations are termed “multinational operations.”
Operations conducted with units from two or more allies are referred to as combined operations.
Operations conducted with units from two or more coalition members are referred to as coalition operations.
MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
Multinational operations are usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. Other possible arrangements include supervision by an intergovernmental organization such as the United Nations or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. An alliance is a relationship that results of a formal agreement (e.g., treaty) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members.
COALITION MEMBERS
A coalition is an ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. Coalitions are formed by different nations with different objectives, usually for a single occasion or for longer cooperation in a narrow sector of common interest. Nations form partnerships in both regional and worldwide patterns as they seek opportunities to promote their mutual national interests, ensure mutual security against real and perceived threats, conduct foreign humanitarian assistance operations, and engage in peace operations. Cultural, diplomatic, religious, psychological, economic, technological, and informational factors all influence and impact multinational operations and participation.
Nations form partnerships in both regional and worldwide patterns as they seek opportunities to promote their mutual national interests, ensure mutual security against real and perceived threats, conduct foreign humanitarian assistance operations, and engage in peace operations. Cultural, diplomatic, religious, psychological, economic, technological, and informational factors all influence and impact multinational operations and participation.

13. Range of Military Operations
Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence.
These are ongoing routine activities that establish, shape, maintain, and refine relations with other nations and domestic civil authorities (e.g., state governors or local law enforcement).
Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations.
These can be small-scale, limited duration operations, such as strikes, raids, and peace
enforcement, which might include combat depending on the circumstances.
Major Operations and Campaigns.
These are extended-duration, large-scale operations that usually involve combat.

14. Unified Action
Unified Action - Unified action is a comprehensive approach that synchronizes, coordinates, and when appropriate, integrates military operations with the activities of other governmental and
nongovernmental organizations to achieve unity of effort.
Whereas the term joint operations focuses on the integrated actions of the Armed Forces of the United States in a unified effort, the term unified action has a broader connotation. JFCs are challenged to achieve and maintain operational coherence given the requirement to operate in conjunction with
interorganizational partners. CCDRs play a pivotal role in unifying joint force actions, since all of the elements and actions that comprise unified action
normally are present at the CCDR’s level. However, subordinate JFCs also integrate and synchronize their operations directly with the operations of other
military forces and the activities of nonmilitary organizations in the operational area to promote unified action.

15. SMALL UNIT AND CREW ACTIONS
The Levels of War
Desert Storm Example
Restore the government of Kuwait using military force
Destroy the Iraqi Army south of the Euphrates
Ends
THEATER STRATEGY
NATIONAL POLICY
STRATEGIC LEVEL
President
Secretary of Defense
CJCS
Combatant Commanders
Ways
Operation Desert Storm
Third Army attacks to destroy the Republican Guard
MAJOR OPERATIONS
CAMPAIGNS
OPERATIONAL LEVEL
Joint Task Force Commanders
Component Commanders
Corps
VII Corps attacks the Iraqi 12th Corps and the Republican Guard
2d ACR engages the Tawakalna Division at 73 Easting
M1A1 tank engages and destroys six T-72s
ENGAGEMENTS
SMALL UNIT AND CREW ACTIONS
BATTLES
Reinforce the reading from JP 3-0 by covering the Levels of War
The levels of war define and clarify the relationship between strategy, operational approach, and tactical actions. The levels have no finite limits or boundaries. They correlate to specific levels of responsibility and planning.
Three levels of war—strategic, operational, and tactical—model the relationship between national objectives and tactical actions.
Strategic Level.
In the context of military operations, strategy develops an idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or multinational objectives.
Operational Level.
The operational level links the tactical employment of forces to national and military strategic objectives.
Tactical Level.
Tactics is the employment and ordered arrangement of forces in relation to each other. Joint doctrine focuses this term on planning and executing battles, engagements, and activities at the tactical level to achieve military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces.
Means
The Operational Level of war links the tactical employment of forces to achieve strategic objectives. Campaigns and Major Operations are conducted at the Operational level to achieve Strategic objectives.
Operational Art is the employment of military forces to attain strategic objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles. (JP 1-02 and JP 3-0)
Without operational art, operations often devolve into a series of disconnected tactical engagements with relative attrition the only measure of success. Through operational art, the commander’s vision is translated into operational design and, ultimately, tactical action by integrating ends, ways, and means across the levels of war.
The levels of war are intertwined. Tactical success, while required to achieve operational goals, must be tied to attaining the strategic objectives. A string of tactical victories does not guarantee campaign success. Wars are won at the operational and strategic levels; yet without tactical success, a major operation cannot achieve the desired end state.
INSTRUCTOR NOTE: This concept will be crucial when the students develop their Cdr’s Intent. The expanded purpose should relate to this strategic objective, not the purpose from the mission statement.
TACTICAL LEVEL
Divisions
Brigades
Battalions
Small units

16. Operational Art
The art of command -resides in the commander’s ability to use situational leadership to maximize operational performance.
Operational art is the application of creative imagination by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill, knowledge, and experience—to design strategies, campaigns, and major operations and organize and employ military forces.
The combination of courage, ethical leadership, judgment, intuition, situational awareness, and the ability to consider contrary views gained over time through training, education, and experience helps commanders make difficult decisions in complex situations.
Operational art integrates ends, ways, and means across the levels of war (JP 3-0).
Operational art reflects an intuitive understanding of the operational environment and the approach necessary to establish conditions for success. In visualizing a campaign or major operation, operational commanders determine the conditions that satisfy the President’s strategic guidance.
Without operational art, operations often devolve into a series of disconnected tactical engagements with relative attrition the only measure of success. Through operational art, the commander’s vision is translated into operational design and, ultimately, tactical action by integrating ends, ways, and means across the levels of war.

17. When and why would we need to employ
SO WHAT?
When and why would we need to employ
Joint Forces?

18. Questions?