1. Cells The basic unit of all living things.
Are made up of “little organs” called organelles.

3. There are many types of cells.

4. Cells can be divided into two types:
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

5. Prokaryotes Bacteria Very small Oldest cells on Earth
Very simple: No membrane- bound organelles or nucleus
DNA circular found in cytoplasm

6. Eukaryotes
Plant, Animal, Fungus, Protists, etc (ANYTHING living that is not Bacteria)
Larger
Newer, more recently evolved
Have membrane-bound organelles
Have membrane bound nucleus that contains DNA in double helix.

7. The following organelles are found in all cells

8. Cell membrane -plasma membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Made of phospholipids.

9. Cell Membrane

10. Cytoplasm or Cytosol Fluid that surrounds all organelles.
Mostly made of water (cells are 75%-90% water)

11. Where amino acids are made into proteins.
Ribosomes
Where amino acids are made into proteins.
Can be “loose” in the cytoplasm or on the Rough E.R.

12. Where amino acids are made into proteins.
Ribosomes
Where amino acids are made into proteins.

14. Structures for movement
Pseudopodia –false foot

15. Movement
Flagella (whip-like structure)

16. Movement-
Cilia (hairlike structures)

17. Made of protein filaments. Maintains cell shape.
Cytoskeleton
Made of protein filaments.
Maintains cell shape.

18. Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and filaments. It is typically not depicted in cell diagrams but is the structural beams and support of the cell

19. Chromosomes
Typically eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei) have large linear chromosomes and prokaryotic cells (cells without defined nuclei) have smaller circular chromosomes
Eukaryote
Prokaryote

20. Prokaryotic Cell

21. Eukaryotic Cell

22. Organelles Found in Eukaryotes
Organelles found in both plant and animal cells.

23. Purpose of a Cell
Before we get into the jobs of the cell you must first understand the PURPOSE of a cell
Oddly enough, it all boils down to proteins.
Remember all the functions of proteins
Larger Structures: Hair, nails, skin, muscles, eyes, etc.
Cellular Structures: Proteins in the membrane, and that make up the organelles
Chemical messengers: Hormones
Regulating Reactions: Enzymes

24. Nucleus Control center of the cell.
Houses DNA, which is the template for making proteins.
“The Brain”

25. Nuclear envelope
The nuclear membrane has many small holes called nuclear pores that allow material to move in and out of the nucleus.

26. Chromosomes
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.

27. Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. It is not surrounded by a membrane, but sits in the nucleus. The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth E.R.: Assembles/Makes Lipids
Rough E.R.: Changes proteins made on ribosomes (where proteins are made)

29. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
Proteins from rough E.R. then go to the Golgi body.
Further modify proteins and send to final destination

31. Vesicles
When a cell needs to move a molecule many times, it uses vesicles. Vesicles are cellular organelles that are composed of a lipid bilayer. You can think of vesicles as cellular envelopes that are used to transport materials from one place to another. Vesicles also function in metabolism and enzyme storage as well.

32. Converts carbohydrates and lipids into cellular energy.
Mitochondria
Converts carbohydrates and lipids into cellular energy.
“Kidney bean” shape with many inner folds.

33. Organelles Only Found In Plants

34. Cell Wall Very outside of plant cells Made of cellulose.
Protects & provides structure.
(Bacteria have a
cell wall made of a
chitin, not CELLULOSE)

35. Chloroplasts Performs Photosynthesis
Converts sunlight into glucose. Then glucose into cell energy.
Green color.

36. Vacuoles Rarely found in animal cells. Often called vesicles.
Often single & large
Store water and starch.

37. Typical Plant Cell Has cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles
Rarely has lysosomes
Square shape

38. Lysosomes (animals and sometimes plants)
Filled with digestive enzymes
Breakdown molecules for cell food
Breakdown old organelles

39. Lysosomes digest food particles brought in during phagocytosis (endocytosis) as well as break down dead organelles and waste.

40. Centrioles (found in some lower plant species)
Centrioles spin out the spindle fibers that aid in the division of chromosomes during mitosis

41. Typical Animal Cell No cell wall, chloroplasts, (few) vacuoles
Has lysosomes
Has centrioles
Many different shapes

42. Eukaryotes: Larger cells Contain a nucleus
Contain membrane bound organelles
Protists, fungi, plants and animals classified as Eukaryotes

43. Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes:
Lack a nucleus
Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes
Older than eukaryotes (earliest fossils prokaryotic)
Smaller cell than eukaryotes

44. Wrap-up
What organelle do prokaryotes lack that a eukaryotes contain?