1. The Reformation

2. Rise of Christianity
Christianity as a religion started in Palestine (modern day Israel, Lebanon, Palestine).
Originally it was seen as part of Judaism by the Roman Empire
Christians became persecuted by the Romans during the reign of Nero (54-68 AD). As they were blamed for a fire that destroyed Rome.

3. The Spread of Christianity
Even though they were persecuted Christianity spread across the roman empire.
Christianity spread because it was popular with all classes.
Salvation/Eternal Life was promised to all social classes

4. The Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity.
He issued the Edict of Milan – proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity in the Roman Empire. (No more persecution of Christians)
Theodosius the Great made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.

5. A split Begins
Considerable religious, cultural, and political differences between the Eastern and Western churches will lead to a split
They had different views on:
Icons
Church Doctrine
Date of Easter

6. The Great Schism
1054 AD, Pope Leo IX excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of the Eastern church.
The Patriarch condemned the Pope in return, and the Christian church has been officially divided into West (“Roman Catholic") and East (“Greek Orthodox") ever since.

7. Desiderius Erasmus
Erasmus was a Dutch scholar, humanist, and theologian.
Instead, he studied theology and classical Greek at the universities of Paris and Cambridge.
Erasmus was critical of some of the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church.
Erasmus sought to reform the Catholic Church.
Desiderius
Erasmus

8. Calls to Reform the Church
In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it
Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy
The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther

9. Why reform?
Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership
Scientific advances contradicted the Church
People wanted to know how to save souls

10. MARTIN LUTHER German Priest Translated the Bible into German
Critic of Roman Catholic Church
Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenburg, Germany
His criticisms of Church
1000s of copies distributed through
Germany

11. The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was critical of the following abuses conducted by the Catholic Church:
Selling church positions
Selling indulgences = certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins  people would buy them to ensure going to Heaven
Luxurious life of the popes
Corruption and immorality of some clergy
The selling of indulgences
Pope Leo X (above) sold church positions and indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

12. Martin Luther’s Beliefs
Salvation = came through faith alone; God’s grace is freely and directly granted to believers
Source of religious authority = the Bible (as interpreted by the individual), not the Pope or church leaders
These ideas = created a massive rift between Catholic and Protestant Christianity

13. The Reformation Begins
By 1521 Luther moving toward split from Church
Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power in Germany & establish a German Church
By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
Emperor Charles V,
wanted Luther to change his
ideas, Luther
Edict of Worms issued, making
Luther an outlaw
Luther kept in hiding by
his prince

14. Lutheranism Followers of Luther’s religious practices
Gained support of many German princes
Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
To achieve peace Holy Roman Emperor Charles V accepted the Peace of Augsburg (allowed German princes to choose the faith of their region)

15. Spread of Protestantism
Reformation thinking spread quickly within and beyond Germany thanks to the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg
Luther’s 95 Theses, many pamphlets, and his German translation of the New Testament were soon widely available

16. Spread of Protestantism
As the movement spread to the rest of Europe, it splintered, creating a variety of different Protestant churches
Ex: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist, Puritan, etc.

17. Spread of Protestantism

18. Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland
Zwinglian Reformation
Banned all religious relics & images
Whitewashed all church interiors
No music in church services
Does not merge w/Luther b/c
can’t agree with the meaning
of communion

19. Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
John Calvin replaces Zwingli (he was killed in a war)
French, fled for safety to Switzerland
1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
Created a church govt of elect & laity
Used consistory (moral police)
Sent missionaries to convert Catholics

20. Calvinism Ideas spread  France, Scotland, Netherlands
Mid 16th Century – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism
Preached predestination = God determines the fate of every person

21. Reformation in England
Political, not religious motives for reform
Henry VIII – King of England
Needs a male heir to carry on
the Tudor Dynasty
Married Catherine of Aragon
(Aunt of Charles V, HRE Emperor)
No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
In the Catholic Church, you
need an annulment, granted by the
Church. The Pope grants it for a King.

22. Reformation in England (cont)
The Pope refused to grant the annulment, too political (King of Engandvs. HRE Emperor)
After a long argument, Henry decided to break from Catholic Church
Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce
Act of Supremacy(1534) established Church of England
King control over doctrine, appointments, etc
Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions
Remained close to Catholic teachings

23. The Church of England
King Henry VIII had the Church of England end his marriage with Catherine & he married Anne Boleyn
Anne bore him a daughter = Elizabeth I
Henry VIII married 4 more times after this & only got 1 son = Edward VI (got the throne, but died in his teens)

24. Henry & his wives
Henry was desperate for a son. So much so he married 6 times!!
The saying goes…
Divorced, Beheaded, Died
Divorced, Beheaded, Survived

25. The Church of England
Henry’s daughter Mary tried to restore Catholicism when she became Queen
Burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake
Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”

26. Anglicanism
Mary’s sister Elizabeth I became Queen when Mary died  blended features of the Church of England and Catholicism
Religion called Anglicanism
Pleased most people
Radical Protestants called “Puritans” wanted to purify the English Church of all its Catholic elements  ended up leaving for North America where they could have more religious freedom

27. Catholic Counter-Reformation
Pope Paul III wanted to reform the Catholic Church to win back followers and stop the growth of Protestant faiths
Council of Trent ( )
Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices
Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church positions
Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy
Ended the selling of indulgences

28. The Jesuits Most significant agency of Catholic reform
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish soldier
Converted after being injured in a battle

29. Role of Jesuits Missionaries Urged the religious education of children
Convert former and non-Catholics
Urged the religious education of children
Devoted to religious and secular education
Secondary schools
Colleges/Universities
Seminaries

30. Religious Conflicts
1562 – 1598 = violent conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France
French Protestants = called Huguenots = the minority
In one day (in 1572) = about 3,000 Huguenots were massacred by Catholic mobs

31. Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572
Religious Conflicts
1598 = King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
Granted religious toleration to French Protestants
Idea = soon they’d return to the Catholic Church
Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572

32. Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War
Religious Conflicts
Thirty Years’ War ( ) = war between Catholics and Protestants
Started in Holy Roman Empire; soon took over most of Europe
Destructive war
15-30% of German population died from violence, famine, or disease
Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War

33. Religious Conflicts 1648 = Peace of Westphalia signed
Redrew some European political boundaries
Said each state was independent and could control its own religious affairs