1. COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING

2. Theorists: Inventors
This method is based partly in the theories of British functional linguists such as: Firth, Halliday, and the American sociolinguistics Hymes, Gumperz and Lavob.
Country of Origin: Great Britain, U.S.A

3. CLT APPROACH PRINCIPALS
The objective of language learning is: to learn to express communication functions and categories of meaning.
Purpose of CLT: Let students communicate fluently in a target language (L2).
Develop “communicative competence”(Hymes, 1972).
Contrary to the traditional Grammar translation methods.
Lists, rules, translations

4. Theory of language Theory of learning
Language is for communication and linguistic competence and the knowledge of forms and their meanings are part of the communicative competence. Another aspect of this knowledge is to learn the use of the language.
Activities that involve real communication promote learning
Activities in which language is used for carrying out
meaningful tasks promote learning
Language that is meaningful to the learner promotes
learning.
Theory of learning

5. Objectives Use Language as: ◦ means of communication
◦ object of learning
◦ means of expressing values
Focus on communication rather than structure
Language learning within the school curriculum
Focus on meaningful tasks
Collaboration

6. Role of the teacher
The teacher facilitates the communication in the classroom, and he also acts like an adviser and a guide.
Role of the student
Ss are communicators. They are actively engage in trying to make themselves understood and in understanding others.
Use of the mother tongue
Mother tongue can be used. However, whenever possible the target language should be used.

7. Activities Scrambled sentences Language Games Picture Strip Story
Role Play

8. Techniques
Communicative language teaching uses almost any activity that engages learners in authentic communication. functional communication activities in which communication is involved, and social interaction activities, such as conversation and discussion sessions, dialogues and role plays.

9. MATERIALS
Language materials authentic to native speakers of the target language. (news paper, radio and television broadcast, menus, weather forecast, timetables).
For beginner students it is possible to use real experience without a lot of language.

10. OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Wh- questions (Why, What, When, Where, Who)
Games
Role Plays
Simulations

11. EVALUATION
A teacher can informally evaluate students’ performance in his role as an adviser or co- communicator.
For formal evaluation an integrative test is used which has a real communicative function.
In order to assess students’ writing skill, a teacher might ask them to write a letter to a friend.

12. Modes of interaction Students’ feelings T-Ss, Ss-Ss, Ss-T
Students are given an opportunity to express their individuality by having them share their ideas and opinions on a regular basis.
Students’ feelings

13. AREAS OF LANGUAGE EMPHASIZED
Language functions might be emphasized over forms.
Students work with language at the suprasentential or discourse level ( the structure and organization of the paragraph).

14. STUDENTS’ ERRORS
Errors of form are tolerated during fluency- based activities and are seen as a natural outcome of the development of communication skills.
The teacher may note the errors during fluency activities and return to them later with an accuracy-based activity.

15. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Students will be more motivated by learning to communicate.
Students will learn to communicate effectively.
This approach can help future teachers develop their students’ oral communication skills.
Students will lose the fear of communicating in a second language, in this case English as a Second Language. (ESL)
It can help promote confidence and security in the classroom environment, in everyday use, and when travelling abroad.
No grammar rules are presented.
DISADVANTAGES

16. REFERENCES
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching . (second ed.). Oxford University Press.
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